F. Other Percentage Taxes
1. Meaning of percentage taxes......................... 189 2. Nature of percentage taxes............................ 190 3. Basis of percentage taxes ............................... 190 4. Persons or enterprises liable to percentage taxes................................. 190 5. Filing of return and payment of percentage taxes................................. 195
G. Excise Taxes on Certain Goods
1. Meaning of excise taxes ................................. 196 2. Nature of excise taxes..................................... 196 3. Kinds of excise taxes....................................... 197 4. Goods subject to excise taxes ........................ 197 5. Ad valorem tax on automobiles ................... 199 6. How rates of specific tax levied.................... 199 7. Rates and bases of excise taxes ..................... 200 8. Filing of return and payment of excise taxes ......................................... 203
xvi 13. How constructive distraint effected............. 254 14. Where taxpayer fails or refuses to sign receipt ......................................... 254 15. Actual distraint and constructive distraint compared................................. 254 E. Levy of Real Property 1. Meaning of levy .............................................. 255 2. When levy may be effected ........................... 256 3. How levy effected........................................... 256 4. Procedure for levy of real estate ................... 256 5. Release of property levied upon prior to sale ............................................. 257 6. Forfeiture by government of property levied upon ............................................. 257 7. Resale of real estate taken for taxes.............. 258 8. Redemption of property sold or forfeited .............................................. 258 9. Where property not redeemed ..................... 260 10. Distraint and levy compared ........................ 261 11. Offenses in connection with distraint and levy ................................................... 262 F. Enforcement of Forfeiture 1. Meaning of distraint....................................... 246 2. Kinds of distraint ............................................ 246 3. Requisites for exercise of remedy of distraint (and levy)............................ 247 4. Property subject to distraint.......................... 248 5. Properties not subject to distraint ................ 249 6. How actual distraint effected........................ 250 7. By whom distraint may be made ................. 251 8. Procedure for distraint of personal property ................................................... 252 9. Residue to be returned................................... 252 10. Release of distrained property prior to sale ....................................................... 252 11. Purchase by government of property distrained ................................................ 253 12. Purpose and grounds of constructive distraint ................................................... 253 2. When assessment required............................ 234 3. Authority of Commissioner to terminate taxable period ......................................... 234 4. Authority to assess vested in Commissioner .................................... 235 5. Presumption of correctness ........................... 236 6. Procedure of assessment................................ 236 7. Protesting of assessments .............................. 238 8. Deficiency assessments and deficiency explained ................................................. 240 9. Nature and effect of assessment ................... 240 10. When assessment deemed made.................. 241 11. Abatement or cancellation of tax liability..................................................... 242 C. Collection of Taxes 1. Remedies in general ....................................... 243 2. Enumeration of remedies available to government ........................................ 245 D. Distraint of Personal Property 1. Meaning of forfeiture ..................................... 263 2. Effect of forfeiture ........................................... 263 3. How remedy of forfeiture enforced ............. 263 4. Specific cases of forfeiture ............................. 263
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF TAXATION
H. Documentary Stamp Taxes
xiv 1. Meaning of documentary stamp tax............ 206 2. Nature and purpose of documentary stamp tax ................................................. 206 3. Documents subject to the tax ........................ 206 4. Documents not subject to the tax ................. 211 document ................................................ 213 6. Filing of return and payment of tax............. 214 Customs Duties 1. Meaning of customs duties and tariff.......... 215 2. Governing law and administrative offices.. 215 3. Imported articles subject to customs duty .......................................................... 216 4. When importation begins and deemed termination.............................................. 216 5. Effective date of rate of import duty............ 217 6. Classification of customs duties ................... 217 7. Basis of valuation under the CMTA ............ 218 8. Kinds of special customs duties ................... 220 9. The flexible clause .......................................... 221 10. Other customs fees, dues, or charges payable .................................................... 222 5. Effect of failure to stamp taxable
I.
Chapter III TAX ADMINISTRATION AND PROCEDURE
A. Functions and Agencies Involved
1. Stages or processes of taxation ..................... 224 2. Meaning of tax administration ..................... 225 3. Administrative agencies and the courts ................................................. 225 4. Organization of the Bureau of Internal Revenue ............................... 228 5. Powers and duties of the Bureau of Internal Revenue.................. 230 6. Authority of Commissioner to delegate powers vested in him ............................ 231
B. Assessment of Taxes
xv 2. When assessment required............................ 234 3. Authority of Commissioner to terminate taxable period ......................................... 234 4. Authority to assess vested in Commissioner .................................... 235 5. Presumption of correctness ........................... 236 6. Procedure of assessment................................ 236 7. Protesting of assessments .............................. 238 8. Deficiency assessments and deficiency explained ................................................. 240 9. Nature and effect of assessment ................... 240 10. When assessment deemed made.................. 241 11. Abatement or cancellation of tax 1. Assessment not generally required.............. 233
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