xi Article 1228 — Penalty Demandable Without Proof of Actual Damages; Damages Recoverable in Addition to Penalty Must be Proved ........................................................................................................... Article 1229 — When Penalty May be Reduced by the Courts............................................................................................................ Article 1230 — Effect of Nullity of the Penal Clause; Effect of Nullity of the Principal Obligation........................................................... Study Guide ........................................................................................... Article 1226 — Meaning of Principal and Accessory Obligations; Meaning of Obligation with a Penal Clause; Meaning of Penal Clause; Purposes of Penal Clause; Penal Clause and Condition Distinguished; Kinds of Penal Clause; Penalty Substitutes for Damages and Interests; When Creditor may Recover Damages; When Penalty May be Enforced ........................................................................... Article 1227 — Penalty Not Substitute for Performance; Penal Clause Presumed Subsidiary; When Penal Clause Joint......................... CHAPTER 4 — EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1231 — Causes of Extinguishment of Obligations ............. Section 1. — Payment or Performance. Article 1232 — Meaning of Payment ................................................ Article 1233 — When Debt is Considered Paid; Burden of Proving Judgment ....................................................................................... Article 1234 — Recovery Allowed in Case of Substantial Performance in Good Faith; Requisites for the Application of Article 1234................................................................................................................ Article 1235 — Recovery Allowed When Incomplete or Irregular Performance Is Waived; Requisites for the Application of Article 1235................................................................................................................ Article 1236 — Persons From Whom the Creditor Must Accept Payment; Creditor May Refuse Payment by a Third Person; Effect of Payment by a Third Person........................................................................... Article 1237 — Right of Third Person to Subrogation; Subrogation and Reimbursement Distinguished............................................................. Article 1238 — Payment by a Third Person Who Does Not Intend to be Reimbursed............................................................................................ Article 1239 — Meaning of “Free Disposal of Thing Due” and “Capacity to Alienate”; Free Disposal of Thing Due and Capacity to Alienate Required ...................................................................................... Article 1240 — Person to Whom Payment Shall be Made; Meaning of “Any Person Authorized to Receive It” ................................................. Article 1241 — Effect of Payment to an Incapacitated Person; Effect of Payment to a Third Person; When Benefit to Creditor Need Not be Proved by Debtor .............................................................................. Article 1242 — Payment to Third Person in Possession of Credit ................................................................................................................ Article 1243 — When Payment to Creditor Not Valid...................... Article 1210 — Indivisibility and Solidarity Distinguished........... Article 1211 — Kinds of Solidary Obligation According to the Legal Tie; Solidarity Not Affected by Diverse Stipulations................ Article 1212 — Act of Solidary Creditor Useful/Prejudicial to Others .............................................................................................................. Article 1213 — Assignment by Solidary Creditor of His Rights..... Article 1214 — Payment to Any of the Solidary Creditors ................ Article 1215 — Liability of Solidary Creditor in Case of Novation, Compensation, Confusion, or Remission; Effect of Novation, etc. Where Obligation Joint .................................................................................. Article 1216 — Right of Creditor to Proceed Against Any Solidary Debtor ............................................................................................................... Article 1217 — Effects of Payment by a Solidary Debtor ................ Article 1218 — Effect of Payment After Obligation Has Prescribed or Become Illegal; Prescriptive Periods of Actions ................................... Article 1219 — Effect of Remission of Share After Payment ........... Article 1220 — No Right to Reimbursement in Case of Remission ......................................................................................................... Article 1221 — Rules in Case Thing has been Lost or Prestation Has Become Impossible................................................................................. Article 1222 — Defenses Available to a Solidary Debtor ................. Study Guide ........................................................................................... Section 5. — Divisible and Indivisible Obligations. Article 1223 — Meaning of Divisible and Indivisible Obligations; Test for the Distinction; Applicability of Article 1223; Kinds of Division; Kinds of Indivisibility; Where There is Only One Creditor and One Debtor ........................................................................................................... Article 1224 — Effect of Non-compliance by a Debtor in a Joint Indivisible Obligation................................................................................. Article 1225 — Obligations Deemed Indivisible; Obligations Deemed Divisible; Divisibility or Indivisibility in Obligations Not to Do ................................................................................................................ Study Guide .......................................................................................... Section 6. — Obligations with a Penal Clause.
146 147 149 149 150 151 152 153 154 156 157 158 160 161
THE LAW ON OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS
x Article 1210 — Indivisibility and Solidarity Distinguished........... Article 1211 — Kinds of Solidary Obligation According to the Legal Tie; Solidarity Not Affected by Diverse Stipulations................ Article 1212 — Act of Solidary Creditor Useful/Prejudicial to Others .............................................................................................................. Article 1213 — Assignment by Solidary Creditor of His Rights..... Article 1214 — Payment to Any of the Solidary Creditors ................ Article 1215 — Liability of Solidary Creditor in Case of Novation, Compensation, Confusion, or Remission; Effect of Novation, etc. Where Obligation Joint .................................................................................. Article 1216 — Right of Creditor to Proceed Against Any Solidary Debtor ............................................................................................................... Article 1217 — Effects of Payment by a Solidary Debtor ................ Article 1218 — Effect of Payment After Obligation Has Prescribed or Become Illegal; Prescriptive Periods of Actions ................................... Article 1219 — Effect of Remission of Share After Payment ........... Article 1220 — No Right to Reimbursement in Case of Remission ......................................................................................................... Article 1221 — Rules in Case Thing has been Lost or Prestation Has Become Impossible................................................................................. Article 1222 — Defenses Available to a Solidary Debtor ................. Study Guide ........................................................................................... Section 5. — Divisible and Indivisible Obligations. Articles 1207-1208 — Kinds of Obligations According to the Number of Parties; Meaning of Joint and Solidary Obligations; Collective Obligation Presumed to be Joint; Presumption Subject to Rules on Multiplicity of Suits; Words Used to Indicate Joint Liability; When Obligation Solidary; Words Used to Indicate Solidary Liability; Kinds of Solidarity; Solidarity not Presumed ........ Article 1209 — Joint Indivisible Obligation .................................... Section 2. — Obligations with a Period. Article 1193 — Meaning of Obligation with a Period; Meaning of Period or Term; Period and Condition Distinguished; Kinds of Period or Term ............................................................................................. Article 1194 — Effect of Loss, Deterioration, or Improvement Before Arrival of Period ............................................................................. Article 1195 — Payment Before Arrival of Period; Debtor Presumed Aware of Period; No Recovery in Personal Obligations..... Article 1196 — Presumption as to Benefit of Period; Exceptions to the General Rule; Computation of Term or Period......................... Article 1197 — Court Generally Without Power to Fix a Period; Exceptions to the General Rule; Legal Effect Where Suspensive Period/Condition Depends Upon Will of Debtor; Period Fixed Cannot Be Changed by the Courts ........................................................... Article 1198 — When Obligation Can Be Demanded Before Lapse of Period ........................................................................................... Study Guide .......................................................................................... Section 3. — Alternative Obligations. Article 1199 — Kinds of Obligation According to Object; Meaning of Alternative Obligation .......................................................... Article 1200 — Right of Choice, as a Rule, Given to Debtor; Right of Choice of Debtor Not Absolute.................................................. Article 1201 — Communication of Notice that Choice has been Made ............................................................................................................. Article 1202 — Effect When Only One Prestation is Practicable .................................................................................................... Article 1203 — When Debtor may Rescind Contract ..................... Article 1204 — Effect of Loss of Objects of Obligation; Basis of Indemnity ..................................................................................................... Article 1205 — When Right of Choice Belongs to Creditor; Rules in Case of Loss Before Creditor has Made Choice; Rules Applicable to Personal Obligations .................................................................................. Article 1206 — Meaning of Facultative Obligation; Effect of Loss; Alternative and Facultative Obligations Distinguished........... Study Guide .......................................................................................... Section 4. — Joint and Solidary Obligations. Article 1223 — Meaning of Divisible and Indivisible Obligations; Test for the Distinction; Applicability of Article 1223; Kinds of Division; Kinds of Indivisibility; Where There is Only One Creditor and One Debtor ........................................................................................................... Article 1224 — Effect of Non-compliance by a Debtor in a Joint Indivisible Obligation................................................................................. Article 1225 — Obligations Deemed Indivisible; Obligations
110 112 113 114
164 167
168 171
117 119 122
173 176
123 124 126 127 127 128 130 132 135 137 144 146 147 149 149 150 151 152 153 154 156 157 158 160 161
179 180 181 182
184
186 186
187
189
190 192 193 194 195 196 198 199
xii
89
164 167
Made with FlippingBook - Online Brochure Maker