xiv Section 5. — Compensation. Article 1278 — Meaning of Compensation; Object of Com- pensation; Compensation and Confusion Distinguished; Kinds of Compensation .............................................................................................. Article 1279 — Requisites of Legal Compensation ........................... Article 1280 — Compensation Benefits Guarantor ........................... Article 1281 — Total and Partial Compensations ............................. Article 1282 — Voluntary Compensation ........................................... Article 1283 — Judicial Compensation................................................ Article 1284 — Compensation of Rescissible or Voidable Debts .... Article 1285 — Where Compensation has Taken Place Before Assignment; Where Compensation has Taken Place After Assignment ..................................................................................................... Article 1286 — Compensation Where Debts Payable at Different Places ................................................................................................................ Articles 1287-1288 — Instances When Legal Compensation Is Not Allowed by Law ............................................................................................ Article 1289 — Rules on Application of Payments Apply to Order of Compensation............................................................................................. Article 1290 — Consent of Parties Not Required in Legal Compensation ................................................................................................. Study Guide ............................................................................................. Section 6. — Novation. Article 1291 — Meaning of Novation; Dual Function of Novation; Kinds of Novation....................................................................................... Article 1292 — Requisites of Novation; Novation is Not Presumed; Test of Incompatibility Between Two Obligations or Contracts ...................................................................................................... Article 1293 — Kinds of Personal Novation; Kinds of Substitution; Consent of Creditor Necessary; Right of New Debtor Who Pays ...... Article 1294 — Effect of New Debtor’s Insolvency or Non- fulfillment of the Obligation in Expromision ........................................... Article 1295 — Effect of New Debtor’s Insolvency or Non- fulfillment of the Obligation in Delegacion ............................................... Article 1296 — Effect of Novation on Accessory Obligations ....... Article 1297 — Effect Where the New Obligation Void; Effect Where the New Obligation Voidable ............................................ Article 1298 — Effect Where the Old Obligation Void or Voidable ........................................................................................................ Article 1299 — Presumption Where Original Obligation Subject to a Condition .............................................................................................. Article 1300 — Meaning of Subrogation; Kinds of Subroga- tion .......................................................................................................... Article 1301 — Consent of All Parties Required in Conventional Subrogation .................................................................................................. Article 1302 — Cases of Legal Subrogation ..................................... Article 1270 — Meaning of Condonation or Remission; Requisites of Condonation or Remission; Kinds of Remission; Effect of Inofficious Remission ......................................................................................................... Article 1271 — Presumption in Case of Voluntary Delivery of Document of Indebtedness by Creditor; Payment, Not Remission of Debt ................................................................................................................... Article 1272 — Presumption in Case Document Found in Possession of Debtor ...................................................................................... Article 1273 — Effect of Renunciation of the Principal Debt of the Accessory Obligation .................................................................................... Article 1274 — Presumption in Case Thing Pledged Found in Possession of Debtor ...................................................................................... Study Guide .......................................................................................... Section 4. — Confusion or Merger of Rights. Article 1275 — Meaning of Confusion or Merger; Reason or Basis for Confusion; Requisites of Confusion......................................... Article 1276 — Effect of Merger in the Person of Principal Debtor or Creditor; Effect of Merger in the Person of Guarantor ..................... Article 1277 — Confusion in a Joint Obligation; Confusion in a Solidary Obligation..................................................................................... Study Guide .......................................................................................... Article 1261 — Effect of Withdrawal with Authority of Creditor ........................................................................................................ Study Guide .......................................................................................... Section 2. — Loss of the Thing Due. Article 1262 — When a Thing is Considered Lost; When Loss of Thing Will Extinguish an Obligation to Give; When Loss of Thing Will Not Extinguish Liability .................................................................... Article 1263 — Effect of Loss of a Generic Thing ............................ Article 1264 — Effect of Partial Loss of a Specific Thing ............... Article 1265 — Presumption of Fault in Case of Loss of Thing in Possession of Debtor; When Presumption Not Applicable ................. Article 1266 — Effect of Impossibility of Performance; Kinds of Impossibility ................................................................................................ Article 1267 — Effect of Difficulty of Performance ......................... Article 1268 — Effect of Fortuitous Event Where Obligation Proceeds from a Criminal Offense............................................................ Article 1269 — Right of Creditor to Proceed Against Third Persons .......................................................................................................... Study Guide .......................................................................................... Section 3. — Condonation or Remission of Debt.
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THE LAW ON OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS
xiii Article 1261 — Effect of Withdrawal with Authority of Creditor ........................................................................................................ Study Guide .......................................................................................... Section 2. — Loss of the Thing Due. Article 1262 — When a Thing is Considered Lost; When Loss of Thing Will Extinguish an Obligation to Give; When Loss of Thing Will Not Extinguish Liability .................................................................... Article 1263 — Effect of Loss of a Generic Thing ............................ Article 1264 — Effect of Partial Loss of a Specific Thing ............... Article 1265 — Presumption of Fault in Case of Loss of Thing in Possession of Debtor; When Presumption Not Applicable ................. Article 1266 — Effect of Impossibility of Performance; Kinds of Impossibility ................................................................................................ Article 1267 — Effect of Difficulty of Performance ......................... Article 1268 — Effect of Fortuitous Event Where Obligation Proceeds from a Criminal Offense............................................................ Article 1269 — Right of Creditor to Proceed Against Third Persons .......................................................................................................... Study Guide .......................................................................................... Section 3. — Condonation or Remission of Debt. Article 1255 — Meaning of Payment by Cession; Requisites of Payment by Cession; Effect of Payment by Cession; Dation in Payment and Cession Distinguished ....................................................... Subsection 3. — Tender of Payment and Consignation Article 1256 — Meaning of “Tender of Payment” and “Consignation”; Requisites of a Valid Consignation; When Tender of Payment Not Required; Requirements for Valid Tender of Payment ........................................................................................................ Article 1257 — Prior Notice to Persons Interested Required; Consignation Must Comply with Provisions on Payment ................... Article 1258 — Consignation Must be With Proper Judicial Authority; Notice to be Given to Interested Parties of the Consig- nation Made ................................................................................................. Article 1259 — Creditor Bears Expenses of Consignation; When Consignation Deemed Properly Made .................................................... Article 1260 — Withdrawal by Debtor of Thing or Sum Deposited ..................................................................................................... Article 1244 — Very Prestation Due Must be Complied With; When Prestation May be Substituted.......................................................... Article 1245 — Special Forms of Payment; Meaning of Dation in Payment; Governing Law ............................................................................. Article 1246 — Rule of the Medium Quality...................................... Article 1247 — Debtor Pays for Extrajudicial Expenses; Losing Party Generally Pays Judicial Costs ........................................................... Article 1248 — Performance of Obligation Should be Complete; When Partial Performance Allowed ........................................................... Article 1249 — Meaning of Legal Tender; Legal Tender in the Philippines; Payment by Means of Instruments of Credits ...................... Article 1250 — Meaning of Inflation and Deflation; Basis of Payment in Case of Extraordinary Inflation or Deflation ..................... Article 1251 — Place Where Obligation Shall be Paid...................... Subsection 1. — Application of Payments Article 1252 — Meaning of Application of Payments; Requisites of Application of Payments; Application as to Debts Not Yet Due; Rules on Application of Payments ........................................................... Article 1253 — Interest Earned Paid Ahead of Principal.................. Article 1254 — Application of Payment to Most Onerous Debt; When a Debt More Onerous Than Another; Where Debts Subject to Different Burdens ....................................................................................... Subsection 2. — Payment by Cession Article 1270 — Meaning of Condonation or Remission; Requisites of Condonation or Remission; Kinds of Remission; Effect of Inofficious Remission ......................................................................................................... Article 1271 — Presumption in Case of Voluntary Delivery of Document of Indebtedness by Creditor; Payment, Not Remission of Debt ................................................................................................................... Article 1272 — Presumption in Case Document Found in Possession of Debtor ...................................................................................... Article 1273 — Effect of Renunciation of the Principal Debt of the
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