ARTICLE IN PRESS
JID: JOBAB
[m3GeSsc;February 6, 2026;11:5]
Z. Wei, J. Liu, Y. Wang et al.
Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 3. Preparation and characterization of PLS emulsions. (a) Schematic diagram of the formation mechanism of PLS emulsions. (b) Digital image of the appearance of PLS emulsions. (c) Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) image of PLS 2 emulsion. (d) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of PLS 2 emulsion droplets. (e) Initial size distribution of PLS emulsions. (f) The surface mean diameter (D 3,2 ) of PLS emulsions. (g) Shear viscosity of PLS emulsions. D 3,2 , surface mean diameter.
S4). Laser particle size analysis revealed that all PLS emulsions exhibited a distribution peak within the range of 0.3–3 μm. As the amount of SA increased, the particle size distribution gradually shifted from a unimodal to a bimodal distribution, evidenced by the emergence of a second peak in the 3–20 μm range for PLS 0.5 , PLS 1 , PLS 1.5 , and PLS 2 emulsion ( Fig. 3 e). This indicates that higher SA content promotes the formation of some larger droplets. Meanwhile, the surface mean diameter (D 3,2 ) also gradually increased with the increase of SA content ( Fig. 3 f). Notably, after 30 d of storage, the particle size distribution and D 3,2 values of all emulsions showed no significant changes, further confirming their long-term stability ( Figs. 3 f and S5). Rheological tests showed that PLS emulsions exhibited pronounced shear-thinning behavior, primarily due to the disruption and reorganization of the three-dimensional network structure within the emulsion under shear ( Fig. 3 g). This rheological characteristic is advantageous for casting and forming processes during coating operations. With increasing SA content, the apparent viscosity of the PLS emulsions significantly increased, which is mainly attributed to the higher overall volume fraction of the dispersed phase. This leads to stronger interactions among SA particles and between SA particles and the continuous phase molecules, resulting in increased viscosity ( Fig. 3 g). Moreover, the elevated viscosity effectively suppresses the Brownian motion and aggregation tendencies of SA particles, reducing the likelihood of collisions
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