ARTICLE IN PRESS
JID: JOBAB
[m3GeSsc;February 6, 2026;11:5]
Z. Wei, J. Liu, Y. Wang et al.
Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 6. Gas barrier performance of P-PLS and its application in fruit preservation. (a) Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of uncoated paper, P-PLS 0 , and P-PLS 2 . (b) Oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of uncoated paper, P-PLS 0 , and P-PLS 2 . Weight loss rate of (c) bayberry, (d) grape, and (e) cherry tomato. (f) Photographs of the appearance of bayberry on the ninth day.
intermolecular hydrogen bonds, causing the coating structure to collapse and separate from the paper fibers. Simultaneously, the SA within the coating melted and dispersed into the hot water along with the LNPs. Furthermore, continuous mechanical stirring and the destructive effect of hot water on the hydrogen bonds between the fibers promoted further dispersion and dissociation of the paper fibers. The fibers were recovered and cleaned through filtration, and then recombined into paper through the papermaking process ( Fig. 7 a). This straightforward method demonstrates a simple and effective approach to paper recycling. The surface of the recycled paper was uniform, with no significant impurities observed via SEM ( Fig. 7 b). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the tensile strength between the recycled paper obtained from uncoated paper and that from P-PLS 2 ( Fig. 7 c). These results indicate that P-PLS 2 is reusable, a key attribute for advancing the green economy ( Parvathy and Sahoo, 2021 ). Biodegradability is a significant advantage of paper-based materials compared to traditional petroleum-based plastics. Therefore, it is desirable to maintain their inherent biodegradability even after coating treatment. Since the PVA, LNPs, and SA used in the PLS emulsion coating are all biodegradable materials, the potential for the coated paper to remain biodegradable is preserved. The PE film, uncoated paper, and P-PLS 2 were simultaneously buried in natural soil. After 40 d of burial, due to microbial metabolism, the uncoated paper had degraded into fine fragments, while P-PLS 2 degraded more slowly, breaking down into larger pieces. In stark contrast, the PE film showed no signs of degradation under the same conditions, exhibiting only slight volumetric shrinkage. Ultimately, the uncoated paper and P-PLS 2 were completely degraded within 80 and 120 d, respectively ( Figs. 7 d and S17). After P- PLS 2 was buried in the soil, the hydrophilic PVA initially absorbed water slowly and swelled, creating pathways for the infiltration of water, microorganisms, and enzymes. Soil microorganisms secrete enzymes such as dehydrogenase, oxidase, hydrolase, and aldolase, which oxidize the hydroxyl groups of PVA into diketone groups and catalyze the cleavage of carbon bonds within these diketones ( Li et al., 2021 ). Lignin degradation is primarily mediated by extracellular oxidative enzymes, such as laccases, lignin peroxidases, and manganese-dependent peroxidases, secreted by microorganisms. These enzymes catalyze oxidation reactions that generate reactive free radicals or directly oxidize aromatic structures, thereby depolymerizing lignin ( Atiwesh et al., 2022 ). The SA is directly taken up by microorganisms, activated intracellularly, and then decomposed through the 𝛽 -oxidation process ( Feron et al., 2005 ). Paper fibers are degraded by cellulases secreted by microorganisms ( Andlar et al., 2018 ). This indicates that the P-PLS 2 retains its inherent biodegradability, low environmental impact, and sustainable closed-loop characteristics, making it a promising alternative to non- degradable plastic packaging materials ( Chen et al., 2025 ).
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