Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Fig. 3 Identified a m ounts of che m ical co m pounds originating fro m virgin wood ( a ); division of organic co m pounds identified in waste paper based on their function in the paper m aking process ( b )
Modification of surface characteristics was associated with the presence of N,N-diethyl-4- m ethyl-benza m ide (Table 3 and Table S2). Eugenol, identified in both paper m ixtures and office paper, serves as a functional additive in the develop m ent of bioactive packaging m aterials (Muratore et al. 2020). To counteract odour-related effects generated during paper m aking, biocidal agents such as pyrolo[3,2- d]pyri m idin-2,4(1H,3H)-dione and p-octylacetophenone were introduced. In addition, 11 fragrance co m pounds of biogenic origin and 3 synthetic m usks—galaxolide, celes- tolide, and 6-hydroxy-6- m ethyl-bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one were detected. Fragrances and m usks accounted for the highest proportion of total additives across paper types: 65.4 ± 5.6% in office paper, 53.0 ± 4.2% in m ixed paper, and up to 50.2 ± 10.1% in journal sa m ples. Evidence of polyester (PES) fibre addition was confir m ed by the detection of 3-(acetyloxy)propanoic acid anhydride and hexahydro-1- m ethyl-2H-azepin-2-one ( m - m ethylcap- rolacta m ), with peak concentrations found in waste paper derived fro m journals. Additionally, the presence of 1-(phe- nyl m ethoxy)naphthalene—a co m pound originating fro m ther m al paper—was identified in both office and m ixed paper sa m ples (US EPA 2015).
2023), reflecting the co m plexity and diversity of require- m ents within the printing industry. Solvents represent the largest group of che m ical co m - pounds found in waste paper, both in ter m s of diversity and total concentration (Fig. 4). A total of 25 solvent co m pounds were identified in m ixed paper m aterials, followed by 13 in journal paper, 11 in office paper, and 9 in cardboard sa m ples (Table 4 and Table S3). Although the m ixed paper contained the highest nu m ber of solvent-related co m pounds, the overall concentrations of these substances were greater in office paper. Specifically, 46.4% of all identified co m pounds in office paper were attributed to printing ink. In m ixed paper, printing ink- related co m pounds accounted for 47.8%, while journals con- tained 46.7%. Cardboard had the lowest proportion of such co m pounds (34.5%), reflecting its co m paratively s m aller printed surface area. The highest concentrations of solvent co m pounds varied depending on paper type. In the office paper, 2-phenoxyetha- nol and n-hexadecanoic acid were m ost abundant, while the journal paper exhibited peak levels of 1,4-butanediol and 4-hydroxy-α,α,4-tri m ethyl-cyclohexane m ethanol. Cardboard sa m ples showed elevated concentrations of dodecanoic acid and dibutyl phthalate, both co mm only used in printing inks and as plasticizers. In m ixed paper m aterial, the do m inant co m pounds were n-hexanoic acid and diethyl phthalate. Fur- ther m ore, three co m pounds linked to ther m al paper were explicitly identified in m ixed paper sa m ples. This type of waste paper also contained five co m pounds associated with co m ono m ers or resin syste m s, for m ing the second-largest nu m erical group. The third group, co m prising four sub- stances, was related to particle dispersion and aggregation behaviours. In addition, five plasticizers—bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), bisphenol A (BPA), hexanedioic acid,
Chemical compounds from printing inks
Varnishes co m posed of additives, solvents or diluents, oils, and resins, along with vehicles, are essential co m ponents that deter m ine the functional properties of printing inks. These substances are responsible for effectively transfer- ring pig m ent onto the substrate, securing its adhesion, and delivering key perfor m ance features such as printability, durability, and visual appearance. Today, over one m illion distinct ink for m ulations are in use across Europe (EuPIA
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