Environmental Science and Pollution Research
carbonless copy paper dyes (Coltro et al. 2021). In the pre- sent study, DINP concentrations reached 240 ± 24 m g/kg in office paper, while journal-derived waste sa m ples exhibited significantly lower levels of 86 ± 17 m g/kg. The highest concentrations a m ong co m pounds m onitored under the Globally Har m onized Syste m (GHS) were associ- ated with irritants, reaching approxi m ately 12 g/kg. These substances were proportionally distributed between those originating fro m printing inks and virgin wood. Virgin wood contributed four co m pounds for m ed during cellulose ther m al degradation, such as 2-ethyl-5-propylcyclopentanone (Ojha And Vinu 2015), and additional co m pounds resulting fro m lignin depoly m erization, including 2- m ethoxy-4-propylphenol (Zhang et al. 2018). Within the plant and m icrobial m etabolite group, seven co m pounds de m onstrated irritant properties; for exa m ple, 2-pentanone, which also functions as a biocidal agent (Tyśkiewicz et al. 2019). A total of 25 irritant co m pounds were linked to printing inks. A m ong these, nine were solvents and three were poly m eric resins. Each of the three categories (slip agents, plasticizers, and dispersants) contained two co m - pounds. The re m aining co m pounds were distributed across other ink-related functional groups, including photoinitiators, ther m al stability agents, coalescing agents, anti-evaporation agents, photoionization co m pounds, binders, and wetting agents—each represented by a single substance. Nineteen co m pounds classified as health hazards (HH) were identified in waste paper. The highest nu m ber of HH co m - pounds (16) was found in m ixed paper m aterials, which also exhibited the greatest concentrations. Office paper contained ten HH co m pounds, journals eight, and cardboard the fewest. A m ong all HH substances, phthalic anhydride had the highest concentrations in m ixed paper, reaching 460.5 ± 75.5 m g/kg. In ter m s of environ m ental hazards (EH), 12 co m pounds were identified across the sa m ples. All were present in m ixed paper m aterial, nine in office paper, and only six in cardboard. Journal waste exhibited the lowest concentrations of EH co m pounds. As with HH substances, m ost EH co m - pounds originate fro m printing inks. However, pesticides derived fro m virgin wood also contribute significantly to EH classifications in waste paper. The presence and con- centrations of HH and EH co m pounds play a crucial role in deter m ining the feasibility of further utilizing cellulose fibres obtained fro m recycled paper.
Effect of removal of precipitated calcium carbonate from office paper on the quality of cellulose fibres
Pure cellulose fibre extraction was perfor m ed using 0.2 M acetic acid (CH 3 COOH), as detailed in the “Materials and their pre-treat m ent for further analysis” section. This pro- cedure applies only to office paper, where PCC is the sole filler. Organic co m pounds were analysed via the TD-GC/MS m ethod, as in previous sections. Following PCC re m oval,
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