Environmental Science and Pollution Research
irritants by 83%, and substances with unknown hazard classifications by 80%. These findings de m onstrate that the re m oval of precipitated calciu m carbonate enables the recovery of highly purified cellulose fibres fro m office paper, suitable for further technological applications. The che m ical data indicate significantly reduced levels of additives (conta m inants) following fibre separation. Nonetheless, to confir m the safety of these fibres for food- contact applications, additional experi m ental validation is required, particularly through m igration testing and assess- m ents of functional perfor m ance. Moreover, our approach avoids the use of stronger cor- rosive acids or chlorine-based bleaching agents, which pose greater risks to workers and the environ m ent. A preli m inary risk assess m ent suggests that, with proper process design, acetic acid treat m ent can be safely i m ple- m ented at scale, while offering i m proved m aterial purity and reduced che m ical hazards co m pared to conventional deinking and extraction processes.
as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Co mm ons licence, and indicate if changes were m ade. The i m ages or other third party m aterial in this article are included in the article’s Creative Co mm ons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the m aterial. If m aterial is not included in the article’s Creative Co mm ons licence and your intended use is not per m itted by statutory regulation or exceeds the per m itted use, you will need to obtain per m ission directly fro m the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativeco mm ons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. References Abdelha m id HN (2024) Nanocellulose-based m aterials for water pol- lutant re m oval: a review. IJMS 25(15):8529. https://doi.org/10. 3390/ ij m s25158529 An H, Lu Z, Wang Z, Abbas MQ, Du Z (2024) Safety assess m ent and quality control of regenerated cellulose food packaging in different processes. Food Control 163:110543. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodcont.2024.110543 Andrade MS, Ishikawa OH, Costa RS, Seixas MVS, Rodrigues RCLB, Moura EAB (2022) Develop m ent of sustainable food packaging m aterial based on biodegradable poly m er reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals. Food Packag Shelf Life 31:100807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100807 Assanvo EF, Nagaraj S, Boa D, Thanikaivelan P (2023) Hybrid collagen–cellulose–Fe3O4@TiO2 m agnetic bio-sponges derived fro m ani m al skin waste and Kenaf fibers for wastewa- ter re m ediation. Sci Rep 13(1):13365. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41598-023-40520-y ASTM International (2020) ASTM E1755–01(2020): Standard test m ethod for ash in bio m ass. ASTM International, West Consho- hocken, PA, USA Ballinas-Casarrubias L, González-Sánchez G, Eguiarte-Franco S, Siqueiros-Cendón T, Flores-Gallardo S, Duarte Villa E, De Dios Hernandez M, Rocha-Gutiérrez B, Rascón-Cruz Q (2020) Che m ical characterization and enzy m atic control of stickies in kraft paper production. Poly m ers 12(1):245. https://doi.org/10. 3390/poly m 12010245 Chen Y, Zhen Z, Li G, Li H, Wei T, Huang F, Li T, Yang C, Ren L, Liang Y, Lin Z, Zhang D (2023) Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) degradation and m icrobial co mm unity change in m an- grove rhizosphere gradients. Sci Total Environ 871:162022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162022 Cheng H, Liang M, Dai S, Lu X, Huang Q, Lai F, Ma L, Li W, Liu X (2023) Oxidation characteristics and hazardous of α-pinene, β-pinene and turpentine. Arab J Che m 16(12):105322. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105322 Ci mm ino I, Fiory F, Perruolo G, Miele C, Beguinot F, For m isano P, Oriente F (2020) Potential m echanis m s of bisphenol A (BPA) contributing to hu m an disease. IJMS 21(16):5761. https://doi. org/10.3390/ij m s21165761 Coltro L, Saron ES, Pessoa TI, Morandi J, Silva BS (2021) Migration of phthalates and 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene fro m cellulose food packaging. Polí m eros 31(2):e2021017. https://doi.org/10. 1590/0104-1428.02321 Czerny M, Buettner A (2009) Odor-active co m pounds in cardboard. J Agric Food Che m 57(21):9979–9984. https://doi.org/10.1021/ jf901435n De Oliveira DM, De Bo m fi m ASC, Benini KCCDC, Cioffi MOH, Voorwald HJC, Rodrigue D (2023) Waste paper as a valu- able resource: an overview of recent trends in the poly m eric
Supplementary Information The online version contains supple m en- tary m aterial available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-37133-5.
Author contribution All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Conceptualization: Helena Raclavská, Jana Růžičková; Marek Kucbel. Data curation: Jana Růžičková, Michal Šafář, Jar m ila Drozdová. For m al analysis: Michal Šafář, Pavel Kantor. Investigation: Helena Raclavská, Jana Růžičková, Marek Kucbel. Methodology: Helena Raclavská, Jana Růžičková. Software: Pavel Kantor, Jar m ila Drozdová. Supervision: Helena Raclavská, Jana Růžičková. Validation: Helena Raclavská, Jana Růžičková. Visualization: Pavel Kantor, Michal Šafář. Writing—original draft: Helena Raclavská, Karolina Sla m ová, Jana Růžičková, Michal Šafář, Marek Kucbel, Jar m ila Drozdová. Writ- ing—review and editing: Helena Raclavská, Karolina Sla m ová. Funding The article was supported by the TACR project Innova- tive solutions for sustainable energy, National Center for Energy II (TN02000025) − PB1.07 Research on the application of the princi- ples of Green Deal for non-recyclable waste based on bio m ass in the conditions of the Czech Republic. This article is supported by the ESF in “Waste as an alternative source of energy” project, reg. nr. CZ.02.01.01/00/23_021/0008590 within the Progra mm e Johannes A m os Co m enius.
Data availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.
Declarations
Ethical approval Not applicable.
Consent to participate Not applicable.
Consent for publication Not applicable.
Competing interests The authors declare no co m peting interests.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Co mm ons Attri- bution 4.0 International License, which per m its use, sharing, adapta- tion, distribution and reproduction in any m ediu m or for m at, as long
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