Introducing Limus ®
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Agenda
Nitrogen losses Ammonia and legislation
Urea volatilisation Urease inhibitors Introducing Limus ® Limus ® benefits Summary
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Nitrogen losses
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Nitrogen... Essential for crops
• Essential for plant growth • Required in large quantities • Crucial for maximising yields
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But brings challenges to farmers, the environment and society
Smog
Climate change
Eutrophication
Increase of nitrate
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Nitrogen losses in agriculture
Urease inhibitors (UI)
Nitrification inhibitors (NI)
Urea application
Slurry or mineral ammonium application
Nitrous oxide
Ammonia
~20%
~1%
- 50%
- 98%
Hydrolysis
Nitrosomonas
Nitrobacter
Ammonium (Plant Available)
Urea (Plant Available)
Nitrite
Nitrate
Urease Enzymes
Nitrosolubus
(Plant Available)
Nitrification inhibitor
- 35% ~25%
Limus ® Pro
Nitrate
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Ammonia and legislation
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Agriculture accounts for 88% of UK ammonia emissions Ammonia is an air pollutant Contributes to poor air quality, leading to negative impacts on human and the environment
Agricultural ammonia emissions by management category (2016)
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Source: National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory 2018
The UK government is legally obliged to reduce ammonia emissions by 8% by 2020 and by 16% by 2030, compared to 2005 levels
Clean Air Strategy 2019 (UK)
New Agricultural Bill (UK)
COGAP for reducing ammonia emissions (UK) • Guidance document for reducing ammonia emissions • Supports the use of urease inhibitors with urea based fertilisers
• “A requirement to reduce emissions from urea-based fertilisers” • Consulting in 2019 to bring through
Clean Air Strategy 2018 (UK)
• Financial assistance for delivering clean air and water • Includes reduction of ammonia emissions
EU legislation, 2016
legislation in the shortest possible timeframe
Gothenburg Protocol, 2012
• Proposes the use of urease inhibitors with urea-based fertiliser, unless injected by 2020 • To provide a national code of GAP to reduce ammonia emissions
• National Emission Ceilings Directive • Ammonia vs 2005 • 2020: -8% (UK) • 2030: -16% (UK)
• Abate acidification • Eutrophication • Ground level ozone
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Urea volatilisation
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How is ammonia lost when urea- based fertilisers are applied?
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Ammonia loss is a localized reaction
Urea granules are hygroscopic (absorb moisture from the air) Once applied, urea starts to move into the soil Urease enzymes start the hydrolysis process releasing ammonium (alkaline) This temporarily raises the pH of the soil around the granule This increase in pH leads to ammonia volatilisation
pH 8.5
Urea granule
pH 6.0
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The role of urease enzymes
Active site
Urea
Urease enzyme
The role of urease enzymes
Urea binds to the urease enzyme
The role of urease enzymes
The urease enzyme transforms urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
ammonia (NH 3 )
The role of urease enzymes
Resulting in ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization
NH 3
CO 2
The urease enzyme releases the ammonia and carbon dioxide
Urease inhibitors
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How do most urease inhibitors work?
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How most urease inhibitors work (e.g. NBPT)
Standard Urease Inhibitor
How must urease inhibitors work (e.g. NBPT)
Standard urease inhibitor
NBPT blocks the urease enzyme, slows down urea hydrolysis and hence ammonia volatilization
Introducing Limus ®
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Why is Limus ® the most effective urease inhibitor available?
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There are many different types or urease enzymes
A broad range of organisms in the soil (bacteria, fungi and plants) produce slightly different urease enzymes Different urease enzymes require different urease inhibitors
Limus ® is the only urease inhibitor with TWO active ingredients, blocking a wider range of urease enzymes
NBPT
Limus ® is the most effective urease inhibitor available
NPPT
Drager Tube Test Limus treated urea vs urea
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4EaM--KLzY
Limus ® benefits
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Reduces ammonia emissions by up to 98% Increases application timing flexibility Improves yield by 5% vs urea Delivers the same yield as ammonium nitrate Outperforms all other urease inhibitors Why Limus ® ?
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Reduces ammonia emissions by up to 98%
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Around 20% of applied nitrogen from urea is lost as ammonia UK and European assessments of ammonia losses from granular urea range from 2 to 58%, depending on weather conditions post application and soil pH
DEFRA funded research (NT26), 2002 to 2005, led by ADAS 27% Average ammonia losses from urea applied to grassland, ranging from 10 to 58% 22% Average ammonia losses from urea applied to arable land, ranging from 2 to 43% European Environment Agency (EEA) 6 - 47% Range of losses from urea
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Limus ® reduces ammonia emissions by up to 98%
BASF have extensively tested the efficacy of Limus ® at reducing ammonia emissions in both the lab and the field Lab: Up to 98% reduction across different soil types Field: Up to 98% reduction with average of 70% (n=93)
Gaseous ammonia losses [% of fertilized urea-N]
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Source: BASF
Increases application timing flexibility
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Application timing without Limus ®
Standard urea should be applied right in advance of rainfall to reduce ammonia losses Additional fertilizer application at later growth stages might be necessary to compensate losses
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Limus ® increases application flexibility
Limus ® stabilized urea can be applied independent of weather conditions
Flexible fertilization period
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Improves yield by 5% compared to urea
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Limus ® improves yield by 5% compared to urea
Limus vs. granular urea UK, Winter Wheat, 6 trials, ADAS/BASF
Limus vs. granular urea Range of crops, 84 trials, BASF
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
6.0%
+5.3%
5.0%
4.0%
Average: +0.5t/ha, +5.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
-0.2 0
0.0%
Boxworth RosemaundGleadthorpe High Mowthorpe
Terrington Stetchworth
84 trials
Source: Limus + urea vs urea only, 84 trials, range of crops, BASF
Source: Limus + urea vs urea only, 6 trials, 260kg/ha N in 3 application splits, ADAS/BASF
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Delivers the same yield as ammonium nitrate
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Limus ® raises the performance of urea up the level of ammonium nitrate
DEFRA funded research (NT26), 2002 to 2005, led by ADAS Urea + NBPT matches AN for performance in winter cereals
Average figures taken from 10 locations
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Limus ® delivers the same yield as ammonium nitrate
Limus vs. ammonium nitrate UK, Winter Wheat, 6 trials, ADAS/BASF
Limus vs. (C) ammonium nitrate Range of crops, 74 trials, BASF
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
Average: +0.14t/ha, +1.5%
3.0%
2.0%
-0.2 -0.1 0
+0.3%
1.0%
0.0%
Stetchworth Rosemaund Terrington Boxworth High Mowthorpe
Gleadthorpe
74 trials
Source: Limus + urea vs ammonium nitrate, 74 trials, range of crops, BASF
Source: Limus + urea vs ammonium nitrate, 6 trials, 260kg/ha N in 3 application splits, ADAS/BASF
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Outperforms all other urease inhibitors
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There are only 3 recognised urease inhibitors available
AI
Producer
Formulation
UK brands
Application
Koch
Agrotain (Sustain)
Urea only UAN only Urea only
NBPT
Generic
Solvay
N-Protect
Yara
YaraVera Amiplus
2-NPT
SKW Piesteritz
SKW Piesteritz Piagran Pro & Alzon neo N (+NI) Urea only
NBPT + NPPT
BASF
BASF
Limus
Urea & UAN
AI
Producer
Formulation
Brands
Application
Maleic-itaconic copolymer
Specialty Fertilizer Products
Specialty Fertilizer Products
Nutrisphere (Origin Enhanced-N) Urea only
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Limus ® outperforms all other UIs: 12 month shelf life
Storage stability test 20 °C - closed bag
Storage stability test 20 °C - closed bag
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Storage time (months)
Limus coated urea
2-NPT in Alzon Neo N
Limus formulation contains BASF patented polymer technology, providing longer a.i. stability on urea compared to generic NBPT formulations and 2-NPT
Source: BASF
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Limus ® outperforms all other UIs: Legal limit
Storage stability test 20 °C - closed bag
Upper Limit Limus
0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00
Upper Limit NBPT
Upper and lower limits set by EU fertiliser directive, 2003/2003
Lower Limit NBPT
Lower Limit Limus
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Storage time (months)
Limus
NBPT
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Limus ® outperforms all other UIs: Yield
Limus vs. NBPT (Urea) UK, Winter Wheat, 6 trials, ADAS/BASF
Limus vs. NBPT (Urea) Range of crops, 84 trials, BASF
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
6.0%
5.0%
Average: +0.3t/ha, +3.0%
4.0%
+2.4%
3.0%
2.0%
-0.4 -0.2 0
1.0%
0.0%
Rosemaund Boxworth Gleadthorpe Terrington High Mowthorpe
Stetchworth
84 trials
Source: Limus + urea vs NBPT + urea, 84 trials, range of crops, BASF
Source: Limus + urea vs NBPT + urea, 6 trials, 260kg/ha N in 3 application splits, ADAS/BASF
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Limus ® outperforms all other UIs: Summary
Lots of things claim to be urease inhibitors, but very few are effective There are three recognised urease inhibitors: NBPT (Agrotain / Amiplus) 2-NPT (Alzon) NBPT and NPPT (Limus) Limus is the only urease inhibitor with two active ingredients, controlling a wider range of urease enzymes The performance of Limus is enhanced by its patented formulation Limus is very stable of urea. Even at 20 0 C the product is stable for >12 months offering the farmer confidence in the performance of what they are purchasing and ensuring legal compliance.
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Average nitrogen losses from urea applications are 20% Limus ® is the most effective urease inhibitor available Reduces ammonia emissions by up to 98% Increases application timing flexibility Improves yield by 5% vs urea Delivers the same yield as ammonium nitrate Outperforms all other urease inhibitors Summary
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