“ To the L aw and to the Testimony’* Isaiah 8:20
The Fundamentals
A Testimony to the Truth
Volume V Vi l i J - - -
Compliments of Two Christian Laymen
T e s t i m o n y P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y (Not Inc.) 808 La Salle Ave., Chicago, 111. U. S. A.
FOREWORD
The favor with which “ The Fundamentals” has been received all over the world is a great grat- ification to those who are engaged in the work; and the opposition, bordering sometimes on bitterness, which it has provoked, has been also very gratifying. The favor is from those who believe in the fundamentals of Christianity; and the opposition is, in the main, from the religious people who have really ceased to be Christian in their faith, while, for some reason, they desire to retain the label of Christianity. The fact that they have been reached and led to think is cause for thanksgiving. This volume goes to more than 275,000 pastors, evangelists, missionaries, theological professors, theological students, Y. M. C. A. secretaries, Y. W. C. A. secretaries, Sunday School superintendents, religious editors and Roman Catholic priests in the English speaking world. We earnestly request all Christians who read this to pray that the Word of God may continue to “ run and be glorified,” that the unbelief, which in pulpit and pew has been paralyzing the Church of Christ, may be overcome, and that a world-wide revival may be the result.
(See Publishers’ Notice, Page 125.)
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CONTENTS
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L if k in t h e W o r d .................. .. • ................ By Philip Mauro, Attorney-at-Law, New York City.
“ T he S c r ip t u r e s ” ................................................. • • 72 By Rev. A. C. Dixon, D. D., Pastor Metropolitan Tabernacle -Church, London, England.
j ^ I I . T he C e r t a in t y a n d I mpo r t a n c e of t h e B od ily R e s u r r e c t io n o f J e s u s C h r i s t f r o m t h e D e a d .......... ..............................
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By Rev. R. A. Torrey, D. D., Montrose, Pa.
i / lV . O bs er v at io ns on t h e C o nv ers io n a n d A po s tl e - s h ip of S t . P a u l ‘ .............................................. 106 By Lord Lyttelton. (Analyzed and condensed by Rev. J. L. Campbell, D. D., Cam- bridge, Mass.)
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A P erso nal T e s t im o n y ...................... .. By Rev. H. W. Webb-Peploe, Vicar of St. Paul’s, London, England.
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THE FUNDAMENTALS VOLUME V CHAPTER I LIFE IN THE WORD BY P H I L I P MAURO, ATTORNEY AT LAW , NEW YORK CITY INTRODUCTION I t must be evident to all who pay close attention to the spiritual conditions of our day that there is being made at this time a very determined and widespread effort to set aside entirely the authority of the Bible. Let us note that one of the unique characteristics of that Book is that it claims the right to, control the actions of men. I t speaks “as one having authority.” I t assumes, and in the most peremptory and uncompromising way, to rebuke men for misconduct, and to tell them what they shall do and what they shall not do. I t speaks to men, not as from the human plane, or even from the standpoint of superior human wisdom and morality; but as from a plane far above the highest human level, and as with a wisdom which admits of no question or dispute from men. It demands throughout unqualified submission. But this assumption of control over men is a direct ob- stacle to the democratic spirit of the times, which brooks no authority higher than that of “the people,” that is to say, of Man himself. To establish and to make universal the prin- ciples of pure democracy is the object, whether consciously or unconsciously, of the great thought-movements of our era; and the. essence and marrow of democracy is the supreme authority of Man. Hence the conflict with the Bible. Not only is the Bible, with its peremptory assertion of supremacy and control over mankind, directly counter to the democratic movement, but it is now the only real obstacle to (Copyrighted by the Fleming H. Reveil Company,, and published herewith by permission.) 7
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The Fundamentals the complete independence of humanity. I f only the author- ity of the Scriptures be gotten rid of, mankind will have at- tained the long-coveted state of absolute independence, which is equivalent to utter lawlessness. The state of ideal democracy would be accurately de- scribed as “lawlessness,” since it is manifest that an indi- vidual or a society which is under no restraint except such as is self-imposed, is really under no restraint at all. To at- tain this ideal state is the end and purpose of present day movements; and, in order to promote these movements, that mighty spiritual intelligence who is designated “the spirit that now works in the children of disobedience” (Eph. 2:2) very wisely, and with consummate subtlety, directs the attack, from many different quarters, against the authority of the Bible. The great mass of men, including the majority of the leaders of the age, are already completely absorbed in the ac- tivities of the world and utterly indifferent to the claims of the Bible. As to these, it is only necessary to take care that they are not aroused from their indifference. But the Bible nevertheless, by reason of its hold upon the consciences of the few, exerts, upon society as a whole, a mighty restraining influence, against which the assaults of the enemies of truth are now being directed. In some quarters the authority of the Bible is directly assailed and its Divine origin disputed in the name of “Science” and of “Scholarship.” Much of the learning and theological' activity of the day are concentrated upon the attempt to dis- credit the Bible, and to disseminate views and theories directly at variance with its claims of divine inspiration and authority. In other quarters the attack takes the form of a pretense of conceding the inspiration of the Bible, coupled with the claim that other writers and other great literary works were equally inspired. “God is not limited,” we are told, “and can speak to man, and does speak to man, in our day, in like manner as in the days of Moses, Isaiah, or Paul.”
Life in the Word 9 Manifestly it makes practically no difference whether the Bible be dragged down to the level of other books, or other books be exalted to the level of the Bible. The result is the same in both cases; namely, that the unique authority of the Bible is set aside. But even in quarters where the Divine origin of the Bible is fully recognized, the enemy is actively at work with a view to weakening its influence. There is much teaching abroad (heard usually in connection with certain spiritual manifesta- tions which have become quite common of late) to the effect that those who have the Spirit dwelling in them, and speaking directly to and through them, are independent of the Word of God. This is the form which the idea of a continuing revela- tion takes in quarters where a direct attack on the authority of Scripture would fail. But the result is the same. In such a state of things it is manifestly of the very highest importance to insist unceasingly upon the sufficiency, finality and completeness of the Revelation given by God in His Word. \Yith the desire to serve this purpose, even though it be in a very small degree, these pages are written. I t would be, how- ever, a task far beyond the capacity of the writer to present all the unique characteristics of the Bible, whereby it is so distinguished from other books that it occupies a class by itself. The writer has, therefore, singled out for consideration one special attribute or characteristic of the Holy Scriptures; namely, that signified by the word “living.” I f one is able to apprehend, however feebly, the tre- mendous fact that the Word of God is a LIVING Word, such knowledge will go far towards affording him protection from what is perhaps the greatest danger of these “perilous times.” I. THE INCARNATE WORD, AND THE WRITTEN WORD: BOTH ARE 1 “LIVING” Of the many statements which the Bible makes concerning the Word of God, none is more significant, and surely none is.
10 The Fundamentals of greater importance to dying men, than the statement that the Word of God is a LIVING Word. In Philippians 2:16 we have the expression, “The Word of Life.” The same expression occurs in 1 John 1:1. It is here used of Jesus Christ, the Incarnate Word, whereas in Phil- ippians it is apparently the Written Word that is spoken of. The Written Word and the Incarnate Word are so identified in Scripture that it is not always clear which is referred to. The same things are said of each, and the same characters attributed to each. The fundamental resemblance lies in the fact that each is the revealer or tangible expression of the Invisible God. As the written or spoken word expresses, for the purpose of communicating to another, the invisible and inaccessible thought, so Jesus Christ as the Incarnate Word, and the Holy Scriptures as the Written Word, express and communicate knowledge of the invisible and inaccessible God. “He that hath seen Me hath seen the Father.” “Believe Me that I am in the Father, and the Father in Me” (John 14:9,11). In Hebrews 4:12 we find the statement that “The Word of God is LIVING and powerful, and sharper than any two- edged sword” (R. V.). Clearly this refers to the Written Word. But the very next verse, without any change of sub- ject, directs our attention to the Searcher of hearts (Rev. 2 :23), saying, “Neither is there any creature that is not mani- fest in His sight: but all things are naked and opened unto the eyes of Him with whom we have to do.” Again in 1 Peter 1 :23 we read of “the Word of God which Iiveth,” or more literally, “the Word of God living.” Here again there might be uncertainty as to whether the Incarnate Word or the Written Word be meant; but it is generally understood that the latter is in view, and the quotation from Isaiah 40:6-8 would confirm this idea. From these passages we learn that the Word of God is spoken of as a “living” Word. This is a very remarkable
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statement, and is worthy of our closest examination and most earnest consideration. Why is the Vv ord of God thus spoken of? Why is the extraordinary property of LIFE, or vitality, attributed to it? In what respects can it be said to be a living Word? But the expression "living," as applied to the ·word of God, manifestly means something more than partaking of the kind of life with which we are acq1e1ainted from observation. God speaks of Himself as the "Living God." The Lord Jesus. is the "Prince of Life." (Acts 3 :15.) He announced Himself to John in the vision of Patmos as "He that liveth." Eternal life is in Him. ( 1 John 5 :11.) It is clear, then, that when we read, "The Word of God is living," we are to understand thereby that it lives with a spiritual, an inexhaustible, an inextinguishable, in a word a divine, life. If the Word of God be indeed living in this sense, then we have here a fact of the most tremendous significance. In the world around us the beings and things which we call "living" may just as appropriately be spoken of as "dying." What we call "the land of the living" might better be described as the land of the dying. Wherever we look we see that death is in possession, and is working according to its invariable method of corruption and decay. Death is the real monarch of this world, and we meet at every turn the gruesome evidence and results of the universal sway of him who has "the power of death, that is, the devil" ( Heb. 2:14). "Death reigned" (Rom. 5 :17), and still reigns over everything. The mighty and awful power of death has made this earth of ours a great burying grou11d-a gigantic cemetery. Can it be that there is an exception to this apparently universal rule? Is there, indeed, in this world of dying beings, where the forces of corruption fasten immediately upon everything into which life has entered, and upon all the works of so-called living creatures, one object which is really LIVING, an object upon which corruption cannot fasten
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The Fundamentals itself, and which resists and defies all the power of death? Such is the assertion of the passages of Scripture which we have quoted. Surely, then, if these statements be true, we have here the most astounding phenomenon in all the accessible universe; and it will be well worth while to investigate an object of which so startling an assertion is seriously, if very unobtrusively, made. Before we proceed with our inquiry let us note one of many points of resemblance between the Incarnate Word and the Written Word. When “the Word was made flesh and dwelt [tabernacled] among us” (John 1 :14), there was nothing in His appearance to manifest His Deity, or to show that “in Him was life” (John 1:4). That fact was demonstrated, not by His blameless and unselfish behavior, nor by His incom- parable teachings and discourses, but by His resurrection from the dead. The only power which is greater than that of death is the power of life. He had, and exercised, that power, and holds now the keys of death and of hades. (Rev. 1 :18, R. V.) Similarly, there is nothing in the appearance and behavior (so to speak) of the Bible to show that it has a characteristic, even divine life, which other books have not. It bears the same resemblance to other writings that Jesus, the son of Mary, bore to other men. It is given in human language just as He came in human flesh. Yet there is between it and all other books the same difference as between Him and all other men, namely, the difference between the living and the dying. “The word of God is living.” I t will require, therefore, something more than a hasty glance or a casual inspection to discern this wonderful differ- ence ; but the difference is there, and with diligence and atten- tion we may discover some clear indications of it. II. NO DEFINITIONS OF LIFE Man’s wisdom and learning are incapable of furnishing a definition of life. The attempts of the wisest and most learned
Life in the Word 13 to furnish such a definition only serve to exhibit the futility of the attempt. Herbert Spencer, who has made the most ambitious attempt of modern times to explain the visible universe, gives this as the result of his best efforts to define life: “Life is the continuous adjustment of internal relations to external relations.” This definition manifestly stands as much in need of ex- planation as that which it purports to explain. • But it will serve at least to remind us that the wisdom of men is foolish- ness with God. Another eminent man of science defined life as “the twofold internal movement of composition and decomposition, at once general and continuous.” These modern definitions are scarcely an improvement upon that of Aristotle, who defined life as “the assemblage of the operations of nutrition, growth, and destruction.”-,, What a marvellous thing is life, and how far it transcends the comprehension of man, since his best efforts to define it give results so ridiculously inadequate! The ignorance of scientific men on this subject is frankly confessed by Alfred Russell Wallace, who in one of his latest books, “Man’s Place in the Universe,” says, “Most people give scientific men credit for much greater knowledge than they possess in these matters.” And again: “As to the deeper prob- lems of life, and growth, and reproduction, though our physi- ologists have learned an infinite amount of curious and in- structive facts, they can give us no intelligible explanation of them.” But, if none of us can say what life is, we can all distin- guish between that which is living (even in the ordinary sense of the word) and that which is not living; and our best idea of the meaning of life is obtained by comparing that which has life (whether animal or vegetable) with that which has not life, as minerals, or any non-living matter. We know that between
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The Fundamentals the two there is a great gulf, which only divine power can span; for it is only the living God who can impart life to that which is lifeless. We look then at the Written Word of God to see if it manifests characteristics which are found only in living things, and to see if it exhibits, not merely the possession of life of the perishable and corruptible sort with which we are so familiar by observation, and which is in each of us, but life of a different order, imperishable and incorruptible. III. PERENNIAL FRESHNESS The Bible differs radically from all other books in its per- petual freshness. This characteristic will be recognized only by those who know the Book in that intimate way which comes from living with it, as with a member of one’s family. I men- tion it first because it was one of the first unique properties of the Bible which impressed me after I began to read it as a be- liever in Christ. It is a very remarkable fact that the Bible never becomes exhausted, never acquires sameness, never diminishes in its power of responsiveness to the quickened soul who comes to it. The most familiar passages yield as much (if not more) refreshment at the thousandth perusal, as at the first I t is indeed as a fountain of living water. The fountain is the same, but the water is always fresh, and always refresh- ing. We can compare this to nothing but what we find in a living companion; whom we love and to whom we go for help and fellowship. The person is always the same, and yet with- out sameness. New conditions evoke new responses; and so it is with the Bible. As a living Book it adapts itself to the new phases of our experience and the new conditions in which we find ourselves. From the most jfamiliar passage there comes again and again a new message; just as our most familiar friend or companion will have something new to say, as changed conditions and new situations require it from time to time.
Life in the Word 15 This is true of no other book. What man’s book has to say we can get the first time; and the exceptions arise merely from lack of clearness on the writer’s part, or lack of apprehension on the part of the reader. Man can touch only the surface of things, and he cares only about surface appearances. So, in all his writings, whatever substance they contain lies on the sur- face, and can be gathered by a capable reader at once. If the Word of God may be compared in this particular to a living person, the books of men may be compared to pictures or statues of living persons. However beautifully or artistically executed, a single view may readily exhaust the latter, and a second and third look will be mere repetitions. The difference is that which exists between the living and the dead. The Word of God is LIVING. But while the Bible resembles in this important respect a living person, who is our familiar, sympathetic, and responsive companion, it differs from such a human companion in that the counsel, comfort, and support it furnishes are far above and beyond what any human being can supply; and the only explanation of this is that the source of its life and powers is not human, but Divine. IV. THE BIBLE DOES NOT BECOME OBSOLETE One of the most prominent characteristics of books written by men for the purpose of imparting information and instruc- tion is that they very quickly become obsolete, and must be cast aside and replaced by others. This is particularly true of books on science, text-books, school-books and the like. Indeed it is a matter of boasting (though it would be hard to explain why) that “progress” is so rapid in all departments of learning as to render the scientific books of one generation almost worthless to the next. Changes in human knowledge, thought and opinion occur so swiftly, that books, which were the standards yesterday, are set aside today for others, which in turn will be discarded for yet other “authorities” tomorrow. In fact, every
16 The Fundamentals book which is written for a serious purpose begins to become obsolete before the ink is dry on the page. This may be made the occasion of boasting of the great progess of humanity, and of the wonderful advances of “science;” but the true signifi- cance of the fact is that man’s books are all, like himself, dying creatures. , The Bible, on the other hand, although it treats of the greatest and most serious of all subjects, such as God, Christ, eternity, life, death, sin, righteousness, judgment, redemption— is always the latest, best, and only authority on all these and other weighty matters whereof • it treats. Centuries of “progress” and “advancement” have added absolutely nothing to the sum of knowledge on any of these subjects. The Bible is always fresh and thoroughly “up to date.” Indeed it is far, far ahead of human science. Progress cannot overtake it, or get beyond it. Generation succeeds generation, but each finds the Bible waiting for it with its ever fresh and never failing stores of information touching matters of the highest concern, touch- ing everything that affects the welfare of human beings. V. SCIENCE AND THE BIBLE Human teachers and teachings have, indeed, frequently set themselves in opposition to some of the statements of the Bible; and it has often been announced, upon human authority, that errors in history and in matters of science have been detected in the Bible., Some, indeed, have endeavored to save the reputa- tion and authority of the Bible by saying that it was not written to teach men “science.” In a sense this is true. The Bible was not written to impart that kind of knowledge which “puffeth up,” but just the contrary. I t was written to impart that kind of information which takes man down by showing him his true position as a ruined, perishing creature, under the con- demnation and power of death, and utterly “without strength,” that is to say, incapable of doing anything to deliver himself out of this deplorable condition. It declares that, “if any man
Life in the Word 17 think that he knoweth anything, he knoweth nothing yet as he ought to know” (1 Cor. 8:2). Such is the plain declaration of Scripture as to the limitations of all human knowledge; and he who knows the most is most conscious of these limitations. But if, by the statement that the Bible was not written to teach “science,” it be meant that the Bible is unscientific, that state- ment is not true. On the contrary, the Bible is the only book in the world that is truly “scientific;” for it is the only book which gives precise, accurate and absolutely reliable informa- tion upon every subject whereof it treats. It is the only book in the world upon every statement of which one may safely put implicit confidence. Countless millions have believed the statements of the Word of God, every one of them to his unspeakable advantage, not one of them to his hurt. We used to hear a great deal, some thirty years ago, about the many “mistakes of Moses,” and the errors which “science,” with her keen eye, had detected in the Scriptures. But we hear very little today from scientists themselves about the “conflicts between science and religion.” These conflicts have, one by one, ceased, as “science” has revised her hasty conclusions and corrected her blunders. The writer has been a diligent student of the physical sciences and of the philosophies based on them, for upwards of twenty-five years, and a practicing lawyer for a still longer period, and having now acquired a fair knowledge of the text of Scripture, he can say that he is aware of no demonstrated fact of science which is in conflict with a single statement of the Bible. Among all the “assured results of science” there exists not, to his knowledge, evidence sufficient in character and amount to convict the Bible of a single error or misstatement. Of course, such evidence could not exist. The Lord Jesus said of the Word of God, “Thy Word is truth” (John 17:17) ; and of course, true knowledge of God’s creation cannot conflict with His Word. A recent book by Alfred Russel Wallace entitled, “Man’s Place in the Universe” (1904), furnishes a striking illustration,
18 The Fundamentals on a large scale, of the way in which “science,” after leading the thought of cultured and highly educated minds away from the truth revealed by Scripture, sometimes leads it back again. The reading of Scripture undoubtedly gives, and was clearly intended to give, the impression that the earth is the center of interest in the universe, and the object of the Creator’s special care; that it was fitted with elaborate pains to be the habitation of living creatures, and especially of man; and that the sun, moon and stars were created with special reference to their service to the earth. Hence, for many cen- turies, man believed that the earth was the center of the uni- verse, and (though the Bible does not say so) that the sun and stars were relatively small bodies which moved around and waited upon it. But these ideas have been completely ups£t by the dis- coveries of modern astronomers, who ascertained, at least to their entire satisfaction, that not only is the sun enormously larger than the earth, but that it is attended by other planets, the largest of which is twelve hundred times larger than the earth. Moreover, it has also been learned, so we are told, that our sun itself is but one of an almost infinite number of stars, many of which are immensely greater in size, and which, it may be assumed, are themselves the centers of planetary sys- tems on a much grander scale than our little solar system. In such a universe as modern astronomy has brought into the view of man our little earth, once thought to be its center of interest and importance, shrinks into utter insignificance. In proportion to the vast universe of which it is a member its size is relatively less than that of a tiny particle of dust in proportion to the mass of the earth itself. How, therefore, can it be supposed that the Creator of so inconceivably great and complex a universe would have a special regard for this insignificant attendant of a fourth-rate sun, and for the still more insignificant creatures who dwell upon it? The earth -with all its occupants could drop out of the universe and be no
Life in the Word 19 more missed than a single grain of sand from the seashore or a single drop of water from the ocean. I t is inevitable that these teachings of astronomy concern- ing the universe should have produced impressions directly opposite to those produced by Scripture, and should have placed obstacles in the way of believing the doctrine of redemp- tion by the incarnation and sacrificial death of the Son of God. But now comes Mr. Wallace, the contemporary of Charles Darwin, and probably at the present day one of the most prom- inent men of science, and reverses the ideas which have been so widely disseminated in the name of science. Mr. Wallace masses a great body of evidence, derived both from astronomy and physics, to support the propositions, First, that the solar system occupies (and always has occupied) approximately the central portion of this vast universe, getting all the advantages due to such favorable position; Second, that the earth is certainly the only habitable planet in the solar system, and pre- sumably the only habitable spot in the whole universe. Mr. Wallace, by a vast accumulation of facts and inferences, shows that the physical conditions necessary.for the maintenance of life depend upon a great variety of complex and delicate adjust- ments, such as distance from the sun, the mass of the planet, its obliquity to its orbit, the amount of water as compared with land, the surface distribution of land and water, the perma- nence of this distribution, the density of the earth, the volume and density of the atmosphere, the amount of carbon-dioxide therein, etc. These, and other essential conditions, are met (says Mr. Wallace) only in a planet such as this earth, situated and constructed as it is. From Mr. Wallace’s premises, if the universe is assumed to be the work of an intelligent Creator, it would follow that everything in this inconceivably vast and complex universe has been planned and arranged with special reference to making this little earth of ours a place suitable for the habitation of living beings, and especially of mankind. We give Mr. Wallace’s conclusions in his own words, t ie
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The Fundamentals says: “This completes my work as a connected argument, founded wholly upon the facts and principles accumulated by modern science; and it leads, i f my facts are substantially correct and my reasoning sound, to one great and definite con- clusion,— that man, the culmination of conscious organic life, has been developed HERE ONLY in the whole vast material universe we see around us.” Thus we have the surprising fact that one of the foremost living exponents of the teachings of science, a man who cer- tainly attaches no importance to the teachings of Scripture, has been at great pains to show that the earth is, after all, the center of, and most important place in, the whole universe; and that, so far as any purpose can be detected in it, the universe may well be supposed to exist for the sole benefit of the earth, and for the sake of producing therein those peculiar conditions necessary for the existence and maintenance of life. We may say then that, considered merely as a book of in- struction, the Bible is, as to every subject whereof it treats, not merely abreast of, but far ahead of, the learning of these and all other times, whether past or future. The impressions it makes upon believing minds are the impressions of truth, even though (as in the instance we have just been considering) contemporary science may give, as its settled conclusions, im- pressions directly to the contrary. Unlike other books of instruction THE BIBLE DOES NOT BECOME OBSOLETE. This is a fact of immense significance; and its only explanation is that the Bible is a LIVING book, the Word of the living God. All other books partake of the infirmity of their authors, and are either dying or dead. On the other hand, “The Word of God is living.” VI. THE BIBLE IS INDESTRUCTIBLE The Bible manifests the possession of inherent and im- perishable life in that it survives all the attempts that have beén made to destroy it.
Life m the Word 21 The Bible is the only book in the world that is truly hated. The hatred it arouses is bitter; persistent, murderous. From generation to generation this hatred has been kept alive. There is doubtless a supernatural explanation for this continuous display of hostility towards the Word of God, for that Word has a supernatural enemy who has personally experienced its power. (Matt. 4:1-10.) But the natural explanation of this hatred is that the Bible differs notably from other books in that it gives no flattering picture of man and his world, but just the reverse. The Bible does not say that man is a noble being, ever aspiring towards the attainment of exalted ideals. I t does not describe the career of humanity as “progress,” as the brave and successful struggle of man against the evils of his environment; but quite the contrary, declares it to be a career of disobedience and departure from God, a preference for darkness rather than for light, “because their deeds are evil.” The Bible does not represent man as having come, without any fault of his own, into adverse circumstances, and as being engaged in gradually overcoming these by the development and exercise of his inherent powers. I t does not applaud his achievements, and extol his wonderful civilization. Quite the contrary. It records how God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. (Gen. 6:5.) It speaks of man as “being filled with all unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness, full of envy, murder, strife, guile, evil dispositions; whisperers, slanderers, hateful to God, insolent, proud, vaunting, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents, without understanding, perfidious, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful” (Rom. 1:29-31 Gr.). It says that “They are all under sin,” that “There is none righteous, no not one. There is none that understandeth, there is none that seeketh after God. They are all gone out of the way, they are together become unprofitable;
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The Fundamentals there is none that doeth good, no not one” (Rom. 3:10-12). Man’s condition by nature is described as “dead in trespasses and sins,” “children of disobedience; among whom also we all had our conduct in times past in the lusts of our flesh, ful- filling the desires of the flesh and of the mind; and were by nature the children of wrath” (Eph. 2:1-3). The Bible has nothing to say in praise of man or of his natural endowments. On the contrary, it derides his wisdom as “foolishness with God.” I t declares that God has made foolish the wisdom of this age (1 Cor. 1 :20) ; that the natural man is incapable of receiving the things of the Spirit of God (1 Cor. 2:14); and that if any man thinks that he knows any- thing, he knows nothing yet as he ought to know. (1 Cor. 8 : 2 . ) Nor does the Bible predict the ultimate triumph of “civili- zation.” I t does not say that the progress of humanity shall bring it eventually to a vastly better state of things. It does not say that human nature shall improve under the influences of education and self-culture, even with that of Christianity added. On the contrary, it declares that evil men “shall wax worse and worse, deceiving, and being deceived” (2 Tim. 3:13). Even of “this present evil age” (Gal. 1 :4), during which the professing church is the most conspicuous object on earth, and during which the world has the enormous benefit resulting from the light of revelation and an open Bible, it is not pre- dicted that man and his world would undergo any improve- ment, or that the developments of the age would be in the direction of better conditions on earth. On the contrary, the Bible declares that “in the last days perilous [or difficult] times shall come. For men shall be lovers of their own selves, lovers of money, vaunting, proud, evil speakers, disobedient to parents, untruthful, unholy, without natural affection, im- placable, slanderers, inconsistent, savage, not lovers of good, betrayers, headstrong, puffed up, lovers of pleasure rather than
Life in the Word 23 lovers of God; having a form of piety, but denying the power of it” (2 Tim. 3:1-5 Gr.). Such is the character of man, and such is to be the result, as Scripture foretells it, of all his schemes of betterment, education, development, self-culture, civilization and char- acter-building. And because of this the Bible is heartily de- tested. Men have sought nothing more earnestly than they have sought to destroy this appallingly accurate portrait of themselves and their doings. How astonishing it is that any intelligent person should suppose that man drew this, picture of himself, and predicted this as the outcome of all his own efforts! No wonder the Bible is hated, and for the simple and sufficient reason that it declares the truth about man and his world. The Lord Jesus set forth clearly both the fact and its explanation when He said to His unbelieving brethren, “The world cannot hate you; but Me it hateth, because I testify of it that the works thereof are evil” (John 7:7). Again, the Bible is hated because it claims the right to ex- ercise, and assumes to exercise, authority over man. I t speaks as one having authority. It issues commands to all. It says, “Thou shalt” and “Thou shalt not.” It does not simply advise or commend one course of action rather than another, as one would address an equal, but it directs men imperatively what they shall do, and what they shall not do. In this manner it addresses all ranks and conditions of men—kings and gover- nors, parents and children, husbands and wives, masters and servants, rich and poor, high and low, free and bond. In this, too, we have a characteristic of the Bible which distinguishes it from all other books. I t is no respecter of persons. But for this cause also it is hated; for men are becoming more and more impatient of all external authority. The principles of democracy, the essence of which is the supremacy (virtually the divinity ) of man, has thoroughly leavened all society in the progressive nations of the earth. There is a sentiment
24
The Fundamentals abroad, which finds frequent expression and meets always with a sympathetic reception, to the effect that man has been shackled through the ages'by narrow theological ideas whereof the Bible is the source, and that the time has arrived for him to throw off this bondage, to arise in his true might and majesty, and to do great things for himself. I t is a most impressive fact that, in all the visible universe, there is nothing that assumes authority over man, or that imposes laws upon him, except the Bible. Once thoroughly rid of that troublesome book, and man will be finally rid of all authority, and will have arrived at that state of lawlessness predicted in the New Testament prophecies, wherein society will be ready to accept the leadership of that “lawless one,” whose coming is to be after the working of Satan, with all power, and signs, and wonders of falsehood, and with all deceit of unrighteousness in them that perish, because they received not a love of the truth that they might be saved. (2 Thess. 2:7-10.) This is perhaps the main purpose of the persistent attempts in our day, mostly in the name of scholarship and liberal theology, to break down the authority of Scripture; and we may see with our own eyes that the measure of success of this great apostasy is just what the Bible has foretold. Other books arouse no hatred. There may be books which men dislike, and such they simply let alone But the Bible is, and always has been, hated to the death. I t is the one book that has been pursued from century to century, as men pursue a mortal foe. At first its destruction has been sought by violence. All human powers, political and ecclesiastical, have combined to put it out of existence. Death has been the penalty for possessing or reading a copy; and such copies as were found have been turned over to the public executioner to be treated as was the Incarnate Word. No expedient that human ingenuity could devise or human cruelty put into effect, has been omitted in the desperate attempt to put this detested
Life in the Word 25 book out of existence. But the concentrated power of man utterly failed in the attempt. Why ? Here is one book among countless millions which is singled out for relentless hatred, and that fact alone is sufficient to provoke astonishment and invite the closest scrutiny to ascertain the explanation of the unique phenomenon. What characteristic is it that distinguishes this Book from all other books in so strange a fashion? Has its influence upon men been corrupting or otherwise evil? Does it teach doctrines dangerous to individuals or communities ? Does it promote disorder, vice or crime ? On the contrary, it will not be ques- tioned that its influence, wherever it has gone, has been bene- ficial beyond that of all other books combined, and that the most fruitful human lives are those which have been moulded by its teachings. One explanation alone will account for the astounding fact that such a Book should be the only one now or ever in existence to provoke active and persistent animosity among men who refuse to acknowledge it as from God; namely, that it declares man to be a fallen creature, and his whole career to be the mere outworking of his corrupt nature in the path of disobedience; and that it predicts in plain lan- guage what the end of that path will be for all who do not accept God’s method of deliverance out of it through Jesus Christ. But, violence having failed to rid man of the Bible, other means have been resorted to in the persistent effort to accom- plish that object. To this end the intellect and learning of m an have been enlisted. The Book has been assailed from every side by men of the highest intelligence, culture and scholarship. Since the art of printing has been developed there has been in progress a continuous war o f books. Many books against THE Book—m an’s books against God’s Book. Its authority has been denied, and its veracity and even its morality have been impugned, its claims upon the consciences of men have been ridiculed; but all to no purpose, except to
26
The Fundamentals bring out more conspicuously the fact that the “Word of God is LIVING,” and with an indestructible life. Should any other book incur the hatred of man (which no other book ever has, seeing that all others are man’s own pro- ductions) it would not be necessary to take measures for its destruction. A book produced by dying men need only be let alone to die of its own accord. The seeds of death are in it from the start. One Book alone has incurred man’s hatred, because it is the one Book that is not his own. I t is the only thing in the whole world that is hostile to the whole world- system. One Book only has man attempted to destroy; and yet, in this attempt, though in it all his powers and resources have been employed, he has most conspicuously and igno- miniously failed. Why ? A little less than a century and a half ago a book made its appearance which attracted wide attention, particularly in the upper circles of intellect and culture. It was vauntingly en- titled the “Age of Reason,” and its author, Thomas Paine, was probably without superior in intelligence among his con- temporaries. So confident was the author of this book that his reasonings proved the untrustworthiness of Scripture, and destroyed its claim upon the consciences of men as the revela- tion of the living God, that he predicted that in fifty years the Bible would be practically out of print. But nearly thrice fifty years have passed since this boast was uttered. The boaster and his book have passed away; and their very names are well- nigh forgotten. But the Word of God has maintained its place, and not by human power. They who believe and cherish it are a feeble folk. Not many wise, not many mighty, not many high-born are among them. They have no might of their own to stand against the enemies of the Bible. The situation resembles a scene recorded in 1 Kings 20:27, where the Is- raelites went out against the Syrians, and we read that “The children of Israel pitched before them like two little flocks of kids; but the Syrians filled the country.”
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Life in the Word 27 But notwithstanding such great odds, the victory is cer- tain. The enemies of the Bible have indeed filled the country. Yet, they shall all pass away; but the Word of the Lord shall not pass away. Again, in more recent times, a book of man was put forth, and was hailed as a work which would quickly destroy the credibility of Scripture and put an end to its authority and influence. This was Charles Darwin’s “Descent of Man,” a book whose influence has been greater, doubtless, than any other that has made its appearance during a century past. The main feature of this work was that it set forth an ex- planation of the origin of living beings, including man, rad- ically different from that of Genesis, and propounded a the- ory of propagation of living species directly contrary to the great and immutable law declared nine times over in the first chapter of the Bible in the brief but significant expression, “after his kind.” The delight which Darwin’s book caused among the en- emies of the Bible, and the spirit in which its appearance was welcomed, are well illustrated by the title bestowed upon it by the eminent naturalist Haeckel, who called it the “Anti- Genesis,” declaring that by a single stroke Darwin had anni- hilated the dogma of Creation. But it was not because of its supposed contribution to truth that Darwin’s book was so widely and cordially received, and his utterly unproved hypoth- esis so readily accepted as an “assured result of science.” Its vogue was largely due to the fact that it struck at the very foundation of Scripture. It is useless to pretend that Darwin’s theory might be true, and the Bible nevertheless en- titled to respect. The Lord Jesus said to a learned man of His day, “If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe if I tell you of heavenly things?” (John 3:12). If the Bible does not give us a truthful account of the events of the six days recorded in its first chapter, it is not to be trusted as to any of its statements.
28
The Fundamentals But we have now the record of about half a century since the publication of Darwin’s book; and, though the great move- ments ©f unbelief and apostasy are swiftly running their pre- dicted course, there never was a time when the absolute and divine accuracy of Scripture from beginning to end, was more firmly grasped and tenaciously held by those who know it best, and never a time since “science” began to be looked to as' an authority and instructor of men when there was less “scientific” basis for the prevalent questioning of the state- ments of the Bible. There can be, of course, no real conflict between the Bible and any true discovery of science. Such conflicts as have been supposed to exist arose from hasty and incorrect con- clusions, whose chief value in the eyes of many lay in the fact that they contradicted the Bible. As science has been com- pelled, however reluctantly, to correct her blunders, or to acknowledge that supposedly demonstrated truths were at best but unproved conjectures, the “conflicts” have died out; so that, at the present time, the assured teachings of “sci- ence” afford no weapons against the statements of the Bible. On the contrary, the. investigations of men, in fields of geol- ogy* physics, and palaeontology, have brought into view much information recorded ages ago in the Bible, information which, at the time the latter was written, was not in the knowledge of man. As has been already said, there is not a single asser- tion of the Bible that is in conflict with any demonstrated fact of science. All the investigations, of all the searchers, in all the various fields of search, have not availed to produce evi- dence sufficient in character and amount to convict Scripture of a single false statement. But it is time to bring to a close our remarks under this heading, though they might be greatly extended. We have called attention to the strange fact that, of all the millions of books that have existed, the Bible is the only one that has excited deep and persistent hatred, the only Book
Life in the Word 29 which men have sought to get rid of, and that by every con- ceivable means. We have further called attention to the still stranger fact that, in this attempt to destroy the Bible, the powers of state, of religion, and of learning, have all been enlisted, and that, nevertheless, the number of copies of the Bible goes on steadily increasing. How can these facts be explained except by the statement that “the Word of God is LIVING,” and that the source of its life is beyond the reach of man—in the very Being of the Living God ? VII. THE BIBLE IS A DISCERNER OF HEARTS The power of discernment belongs only to an intelligent living being; and the power of discernment possessed by man does not go beneath the surface of things. Yet the passage in Hebrews, already quoted (4:12), asserts that the Word of God is a “discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart.” This is a very remarkable statement, yet it is true, and mil- lions of men have felt and recognized the searching and dis- cerning power of the Word of God. We go to it not so much to learn the thoughts of other men, as to learn our own thoughts. We go to other books to find what was in the hearts and minds of their authors; but we go to this Book to find what is in our own hearts and minds. To one who reads it with ever so little spiritual intelligence, there comes a percep- tion of the fact that this Book understands and knows all about him. I t lays bare the deepest secrets of his heart, and brings to the surface of his consciousness, out of the unfathomable depths and unexplorable recesses of his own being, “thoughts and intents” whose existence was unsuspected. It reveals man to himself in a way difficult to describe, and absolutely peculiar to itself. It is a faithful mirror which reflects us ex- actly as we are. I t detects our motives, discerns our needs; and having truthfully discovered to us our true selves, it coun- sels, reproves, exhorts, guides, refreshes, strengthens, and il- luminates.
30 The Fundamentals I t has been pointed out that the Greek word rendered “discerner” in Hebrews 4:12, means literally “critic” (kriti— kos), and that this is its only occurrence in Scripture. How very significant is it that the designation “higher critics” has been assumed by that little coterie of men who claim to be able, by their own powers of literary discernment, to assign the dates of production of books and parts of books of Scrip- ture, to detect spurious passages, alleged interpolations, and the like, and to split up books into fragments, assigning bits to one imaginary author and other bits to another; whereas as a matter of fact, it is the Bible itself that is the “Critic” of men. This is in keeping with the subversive principles of this present evil age, wherein man is seeking to put himself in the place of God. This is “man’s day.” Man is now the critic of everything, and particularly of God’s Word. Of that he is a “higher critic.” There is, however, no external evidence to support the higher critical views as to the late origin of the Pentateuch, Daniel, the latter part of Isaiah, etc.; per contra every per- tinent discovery in the ruins of ancient cities corroborates the statements of Scripture. These theories rest entirely upon the alleged intuitive perceptions of sinful men, compassed about by infirmity, who claim to be able to pass infallibly upon the style and contents of each book of the Bible, to decide when it was written, by whom it could not have been written, and even to divide it up into various portions, assigning each to a different “source.” But high scholarship is not incompatible with belief in the full inspiration and accuracy of Scripture. Dean Burgon, one of the famous scholars of Oxford, says: “I must be content with repudiating, in the most unqual- ified way, the notion that a mistake of any kind whatever is consistent with the texture of a narrative inspired by the Holy Spirit of God.
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