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المراجع (1) Robert D. Kaplan, The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us About Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate (New York: Random House, 2012). (2) Ibid (3) Halford J. Mackinder, “The Geographical Pivot of History,” The Geographical Journal 23, no. 4 (1904): 421-437. (6) Nicholas J. Spykman, The Geography of the Peace (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1944). (5) Robert D. Kaplan, The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us About Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate (New York: Random House, 2012). (6) John H. Herz, “Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma,” World Politics 2, no. 2 (1950): 157-180; Robert Jervis, “Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma,” World Politics 30, no. 2 (1978): 167-214. (7) Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987). (8) Simon Dalby, “Geography Writes Back: Response to Kaplan’s ‘The Revenge of Geography’,” Human Geography 2, no. 2 (2009): 32-51. (9) Ron Johnston, “The Revenge of Geography,” The AAG Review of Books 1, no. 1 (2013): 1-3. (10) Andrew Mumford, Proxy Warfare (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2013), 1. (11) Vali Nasr, Iran’s Grand Strategy: A Political History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2025), chs. 7-8. (12) Arash Reisinezhad, “The Rise and Decline of Iran’s Forward Defense Strategy,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (2026), (accessed 11/ August 2026) https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2026.2627252.
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