Russia and China in Africa: Interests, In uence, and Instruments of Power
1. “Mosi-3 (“Will for Peace 2026”) — Strategic Implications for African Security and Geopolitics,” African Security Analysis, January 12, 2026, https://www.africansecurityanalysis.org/reports/mosi-3-will-for- peace-2026-strategic-implications-for-african-security-and-geopolitics ↑
2.
, “For Africa, China’s FM Visit Signals a Predictable Partnership in an
Uncertain World,” Huiyi Chen and Aishat Adebayo The Diplomat,
January 29, 2026,
https://thediplomat.com/2026/01/for-africa-chinas-
fm-visit-signals-a-predictable-partnership-in-an-uncertain-world/ ↑ 3. “African nations, Russia convene in Cairo to draft 2026–2029 strategic action plan,” February 5, 2026,
Daily News Egypt, https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2025/12/20/african-nations-russia-convene-in-
cairo-to-draft-2026-2029-strategic-action-plan/ ↑ 4. “Russia as a Great Power”, VCIOM, April 10, 2024, ; “One in two Russian citizens sees country as great power, survey shows — leading pollster,” TASS Russian News Agency, February 29, 2024, https://wciom.com/press-release/russia-as-a-great- power https://tass.com/society/1753491 ↑ 5. Christopher Faulker and Raphael Parens, “Russia’s Hollow Promises: Mali’s Fuel Blockade Exposes the Myth of Moscow’s Power,” Delphi Global Research Center, November 12, 2025, https://www.delphigrc.org/research/russia-s-hollow-promises-mali-s-fuel-blockade-exposes-the- myth-of-moscow-s-power ↑ 6. Joe Inwood and Jake Tacchi, “Wagner in Africa: How the Russian mercenary group has rebranded,” February 20, 2024, BBC, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68322230 ↑ 7. Ibid ↑ 8. “”Russia nances war against Ukraine through “blood gold” from Africa,” Center for Countering Disinformation, December 1, 2025, russia nances war against Ukraine through "blood gold" from Africa | Центр протидії дезінформації ↑ 9. Abraham White and Leo Holtz, “Figure of the week: African countries’ votes on the UN resolution condemning Russia’s invasion of Ukraine,” March 9, 2022, Brookings Institution, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/ gure-of-the-week-african-countries-votes-on-the-un-resolution- condemning-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ ↑ 10. David D. Lee, “Ukraine says over 1,400 Africans recruited to ght for Russia in war,” Al Jazeera, November 8, 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/8/ukraines-fm-says-over-1400-africans-recruited- to- ght-for-russia-in-war ↑ 11. Dan Whitman, “A Movie We’ve Seen Before: Russia’s Pitch for Africa,” Delphi Global Research Center, January 12, 2026, https://www.delphigrc.org/research/a-movie-we-ve-seen-before-russia-s-pitch-for- africa ↑ 12. Tim Clark, “Opportunity In Africa: Growth Potential Abounds—With The Right Strategy,” June 3, 2025, Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2025/06/03/opportunity-in-africa-growth-potential-abounds- with-the-right-strategy/ ↑ 13. Paul Nantulya, “China’s Policing Models Make Inroads in Africa,” May 22, 2023, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, https://africacenter.org/spotlight/chinas-policing-models-make-inroads-in-africa/ ↑ 14. Chen Qingqing, “China-Africa security forum injects positive energy into global peace,” August 28, 2023, Global Times, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202308/1297125.shtml ↑
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