Nationalism and the Habsburg Empire
there equally was not an imperial identity. Outside of the officer corps and some parts of the civil service, a supranational imperial identity would never form. Even though Hungary was relatively successful in its policy of magyarization (Cohen, 1999, p. 262), and in making Hungarian a lingua franca in Transleithania, it did not create an imperial identity. Nor did it erase national identities, and was only able to affect change within Transleithania, not Cisleithania. The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918 was therefore not a result of failure to inspire loyalty among its national minorities; nor was it inevitable. Rather, it was born of blunders, both military and governmental during the First World War (neither of which can be overstated) that destroyed the loyalty which had been created since the early 19 th century. Its successor states following the First World War were based on national boundaries, however. This reveals the empire’s extreme lack of success in creating a supranational, imperial identity – success in which would likely have prevented the empire’s collapse. Bibliography Benes, J., (2015) Socialist popular literature and the Czech-German split in Austrian Social Democracy, 1890– 1914. Austrian History Yearbook, 46, pp.123–140 Cajthaml, F. (1893) Mráčky před bouří. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown] Clark, C. (2023) Revolutionary Spring: Europe’s Season of Revolution, 1848–1849 . London Cohen, G.B. (1999) ‘Nationalist politics and the dynamics of state and civil society in the Habsburg monarchy, 1867–1914’, Central European History 32(2), pp.135–156 (2000) ‘Citizenship and nationality in late imperial Austria’, Central European History 37(3), pp.329– 36 (2025) Discussion on the imperial identity of the Habsburg Empire. [Interview] Interviewed by C. Summers, Microsoft Teams, 14 February 2025. Cole, L. (2017) ‘Visions and revisions of empire: Reflections on a new history of the Habsburg monarchy’, Central European History 50(1), pp.1–16 Connelly, J. (2006) Was the Habsburg Empire an empire? Austrian History Yearbook, 37, pp.1–15 Cornwall, M. (2000) The Undermining of Austria-Hungary: The Battle for Hearts and Minds. London (2017) ‘Traitors and the meaning of treason in Austria-Hungary during the First World War’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 27, pp.175–197 (2025) Discussion on the imperial identity of the Habsburg Empire. [Interview] Interviewed by C. Summers, Zoom, 21 February 2025. Deak, I. (1990) Beyond Nationalism: A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1848–1918. Oxford Hasek, J. (1973) The Good Soldier Švejk and His Fortunes in the World War . Translated by C. Parrott. London Judson, P. (2016) The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge, Ma. Kwan, J. (2016) ‘Reassessing the Habsburg monarchy and its legacy’, European Review of History: Revue Européenne d'histoire 23(3), pp.405–415 Pech. Z. (1975) ‘The Press of the Habsburg Slavs in 1848: Contribution to a Political Profile’, Canadian Journal of History 10(1), pp.35-50 Scheer, T. (2013) ‘One Empire or Two States?’ Austrian History Yearbook 44, pp.1–14 Sir Manatee (2024) The Hilsner Affair . [video] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZO1rr_wT04 [Accessed 22 October 2024]. Stauffache, J. (1893) Die Volksbeglücker. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown].
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