Back to Table of Contents
directed towards satisfaction in the first place (pleasure principle) and then the preservation of life.
VI. Bb. Willy Baranger For Willy Baranger, (1977) Gioia’s observations are sharp to the point of “allowing a clearer comprehension of the difficult points that are abundant in the theory of the death drive” (p. 307) He goes on to claim that the death drive constitutes “one of the basic concepts of the psychoanalytic approach, perhaps one of its definitional concepts” (p.307). He agrees with Gioia that the support Freud sought in biology for his idea of the death drive runs against the Freudian proposal. Together with Gioia, he also thinks that the concept of the death drive tends to crack the 1915 metapsychological building. However, he consents that the concept of drive or trieb refers to a basic overriding principle of psychic dynamics intended to be the rationale for the existence of the psychic conflict. For Baranger, what Freud calls death drive is the origin of hate, of self-destructiveness, of aggressiveness, of the need for the repetition of the traumatic, of what has failed, of the satanic. VI. Bc. Andgel Garma Ángel Garma , (1977) for his part, unlike Gioia, sees the hypothesis of the death drive as “brilliant, in general well supported and of great psychoanalytic usefulness” (ibid, p. 310). He believes that Freud proposes that the life and death drives result from what was internalized from the phylogenetic development in the environment in a way in which what was most favorable was being ‘pushed’ for persistence and integration, and what was most unfavorable, was being ‘pushed’/driven into disintegration. The hereditary internalization of external aggressive circumstances, infantile and present, instigates individuals into self-destruction and development into old age and death. That is what Garma calls death drive represented by the Superego (p. 314). For Garma, making the innate self-destructiveness conscious makes it possible to handle it in a better way, binding it to its tendency towards life and orienting it towards sublimatory aims. Finally, Garma quotes his 1971 paper “ En los dominios de la muerte” (In the domains of death) ( Revista de Psicoanálisis XXVIII,1971, p. 249) where he denies the existence of innate self-destructive tendencies and, therefore, the ‘pessimistic’ hypothesis of a death drive, which, for the same reason, conceals the passive acceptance of what is self-destructive. VI. Bd. Carlos A. Paz In his comments to Gioia’s paper, Carlos A. Paz (1977), acknowledges the relevance of the necessary questioning of psychoanalytic theories, which forces us to think about psychoanalysis and psychoanalysts of the present time. According to Paz, Gioia’s review of Freud’s 1937 “Analysis terminable and interminable”, where “the death instinct acquires a third
187
Made with FlippingBook - professional solution for displaying marketing and sales documents online