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VI. F. PERUVIAN PSYCHOANALYSIS AND DRIVES: INTERFACE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PHILOSOPHY In Perú , some authors attempt to compare the psychoanalytic concept of drive with the proposals coming from philosophy, delineating the epistemological basis of the psychoanalytic theory to find its specific scientific foundations as distinct from philosophy. VI. Fa. Matilde Ureta de Caplansky Matilde Ureta de Caplansky (1996) in “Crueldad e intencionalidad” (Cruelty and intentionality) explores different forms of cruelty: cruelty as a derivative of the aggressive drive, and/or as one of the possible expressions of the narcissistic perversion. In addition, she links cruelty with the philosophical concept of intentionality. Within the narcissistic-perverse organization, she explores ‘ invisibility’ of cruelty , endorsed and reinforced by culture, ‘ disqualification’ , as a sample of everyday violence, and the irresponsibility these phenomena involve in the context of marital or other dyadic relationships. She points out that in the narcissistic perversion, envy and the aim of appropriation are the driving force of the perverse core. Envy is the feeling of greed, of resentful irritation, which is triggered by the happiness seen in the other. Caplansky stresses that in envy, in addition to idealization, there is an ‘evil intention’ based on the wish to harm the person envied. In the context of exploration of the cruelty as a derivative of the aggressive drive, she studies identification as a complex ambivalent formation that constitutes human subjectivity. For Freud, in “Beyond the pleasure principle” this ambivalence is connected to a profound feeling of guilt that is born out of the conflict between the life and death drives (Eros and Thanatos), which promotes action, or the projection into others, of the aggression and hate, but also one’s own deficiencies and dissatisfactions. Caplansky adds that violence can be exerted in a subtle way, though, in some cases, it can reach the point of predatory aggression, killing subtly or making the other kill himself. Referring to such philosophers as Brentano, Husserl, and Heidegger, she wonders about the role of intentionality as regards such forms of cruelty. She agrees with Roy Schafer that one of the most important discoveries of psychoanalysis is that many more behaviors than we had thought express intentions in both senses: consciously or unconsciously intended. From psychoanalytic perspective, she views the frontiers between the consciously intended and the pre-intentional or unconsciously pseudo-intentional as porous and diffuse. VI Fb. Francisco Otero Francisco Otero (2014), in “Ásperas afinidades: sueño, sexualidad y pulsión / voluntad en Freud y Schopenhauer” [Rough affinities: dream, sexuality and drive / will in Freud and Schopenhauer], studies the interface between philosophy and psychoanalysis, considering
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