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(self-affect-object unit) can be used defensively by the ego.” (See the specific explication of Kernberg’s theory above in the North Anerican section, IV. Faa) De la Puente also asserts that Alfred Lorenzer comes close to Sartre’s and Merleau-Ponty’s ideas because, like them, he does not think it is possible to experience a “drive” outside the intersubjective environment. “Drives can only be experienced in object relations (staged in reality or in phantasy), that is, in an interaction with the object, whether it is real or phantasized. […] As far as the needs of psychoanalysis are concerned, neither ego structures nor the id impulses can be conceived of other than as ‘presentations’’, contexts of meaning that are understood as interaction.” (Lorenzer 1977, p. 127). De la Puente suggests that Lorenzer has also taken a step in the direction of conciliating the psychoanalytic explanation and an explanation that can highlight the dialectical relation that exists between the world and the mind. He concludes, “My proposal is that psychoanalysis must gradually overcome Cartesianism, in a path that has been followed by, among others, Fairbairn, Kernberg, Lorenzer, Winnicott, Loewald and more recently Marcia Cavell (2006), who claims that any theory about self-knowledge must consider that the external world is part of the manufacture of our internal world and that ‘internal world’ is something that develops necessarily through interaction” (De la Puente 2011, p. 184). Overall, De la Puente brings the psychoanalytic concept of drive into the intersubjective context. VI. G. DEVELOPMENTS IN CHILEAN PSYCHOANALYSIS In Chile , Marcela Fuentes and Marie France Brunet have explored the concept of the death drive, mostly through European authors. (Another Chilean author Pilar Cubillos is included in the interdisciplinary section VII B.) VI. Ga. Marie France Brunet Marie France Brunet , (2002, 2013, 2019) explores various aspects of the concept drive in two articles and one book: In “En torno a los conceptos de envidia primaria y pulsión de muerte” (On the concepts of primary envy and the death drive) she revises the concept of the death drive by developing aspects of Melanie Klein’s theory, in combination with various post-Kleinian and French authors. Specifically, she explores the concepts of the death drive, primary envy, and the relationship between the death drive and envy. In “El par pulsión objeto. Homenaje a Green” (The instinct-object couple. A tribute to André Green) she explores how Green discusses Freud’s interpretation of the death drive, especially the limited space Freud granted to the role of the object in the structuring process of the psyche. Brunet notes that, in the structural model of 1923, Freud locates the drives of love, life and death in the Id, without any presentations or content. The inclusion of the destructive drives within the psychic apparatus suggests that there is something that never reaches the condition of the symbolic organization of the unconscious presentation. In its crude form, instinctual impulses which escaped transformation into symbolic presentation and
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