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the threat of the Death Drive. The Ego would start its activity immediately after birth, with the aim of countering this danger, resorting to the Life Drives. As this instinctive struggle persists throughout life, the source of anxiety is never eliminated and constantly participates in all further situations of anxiety (Klein 1948). The anxiety of being destroyed by her own destructive impulses, bound to primary envy, an expression of the death drive, makes the baby resort to the mechanisms of splitting and projective identification of such destructive feelings as well as the love towards the object, thus generating a state of confusion. If the feeling of love (manifestation of the life drive) can be increased, the destructive feeling (manifestation of the death drive) can be countered, to which the interaction with the good object would contribute and this would lead to reparatory feelings together with the guilt and the pain for having damaged the good and caring object. Fuentes interprets that for Klein, the feeling that we call love becomes deeper by the awareness of the pain, guilt and anxiety that the individual feels when she hurts or harms her good objects. Fuentes’ contribution could be viewed as bringing together Klein’s and Freud’s drive-based perspectives, specifically focusing on the fate of Life and Death drives (Freud 1920) in the transition from Klein’s schizoid-paranoid position towards depressive position.
VI. H. BRAZILIAN CONTRIBUTION
VI. Ha. Ignácio Alves Paim Filho Ignácio Alves Paim Filho discusses the subject in “Freud reinventing Freud: returning to the origin. (For a psychology of the death drive)” [“Freud reinventando Freud: um retorno às origen (Por uma metapsicologia da pulsão de morte)”)], “Silence: a metapsychological listening” [“Silêncio: uma escuta metapsicológica”]; “Death drive: the amazingly beautiful”[ Pulsão de Morte: o Assombrosamente belo”], and “Masochism: vicissitude of the drives – origins of the subject” [“Masoquismo destino das pulsões – origem do sujeito”], with Ana Paula Terra Machado as co-author (2014/2012) (2019/2016) (2019/2018). Paim Filho theorizes that the aftermath of the trauma after the First World War, which challenged the prevailing metapsychological and technical premises, inspired Freud in a daring twist and expansion of his theory of the drive. Until 1919-20, the idea was that what was repeated had at some point been pleasant for the subject. From there on, Freud explores why does one repeat the trauma, which was never pleasurable in the first place. The question brings once again the clinical manifestations of the compulsion to repeat into the center of the scene. What follows is the theory of the last drive dualism between life and death. In 1920, the instinct of death makes its conceptual appearance as a driving force par excellence, a concept that will put metapsychology on a new grounding. Freud, seeking to understand the repetitive character of the drive, finds the horror of the encounter with the disruptive (daemonic) force of the drive, which cannot be contained, and which has an absolute demand for discharge. He asks himself if the horror that emerges corresponds to what is beyond the repressed. Paim Filho agrees with Freud’s proposal of the death drive as primary to the life drive. However, he suggests a
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