DEFINING EMPOWERMENT
EVIDENCED-BASED:
TRADITIONALLY:
• Distribution of power from high levels to low levels (Cacioppe, 1998).
• Improving decision making ability of the employees through cooperation, sharing, training, education and team-work (Vogt & Murrel, 1990).
“THE ACT OF GIVING PEOPLE THE OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE WORKPLACE DECISIONS BY EXPANDING THEIR AUTONOMY IN DECISION MAKING”. (Vogt, 1997).
• Increased motivation that results from an individual’s positive orientation to the work role; enhanced by:
- Meaningfulness - Competence - Self-determination - Impact (Spreitzer, Kizilos & Nason, 1997).
• A workplace process that enables employees to construct positive self-perceptions (Thomas & Velthouse, 1990).
SERVICE RECOVERY
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