METHODOLOGICAL DEBATE ON THE ‘REGIONAL INNOVATION SCOREBOARD’.
METHODOLOGICAL DEBATE ON THE ‘REGIONAL INNOVATION SCOREBOARD’.
TABLE 9
TABLE 10
Excess inputs (%) in the Spanish regions Source: Drafted in-house based on European Union (2021b)
Output deficit (%) in Spanish regions Source: Drafted in-house based on European Union (2021b)
SPANISH REGIONS
INPUTS
SPANISH REGIONS
OUTPUTS
ORGANISA- TIONAL AND COMMERCIAL PROCESS INNO- VATORS
SMES INVOLVED IN INNOVATION PROJECTS
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE OTHER THAN R&D
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE PER EMPLOYEE
BUSINESS R&D EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC R&D EXPENDITURE
PROCESS AND PRODUCT INNOVATORS
SALES OF INNOVATIONS
TRADEMARK APPLICATIONS
PATENT APPLICATIONS
Andalusia Aragón Asturias
AN AR AST
16 4 7 0 15 8 4 19 2 14 12
22 35
5 3 6 0 1 3 3
0 22
12 6 10 0 13 8 11 31 2 9 13
0 0 0 0 14 0 3 0 2 4 0 0 18
15 8 16 0 17 10 11 37 3 10 16 0 10 2 29 38 0
0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 4 14 0 7 11 6 19 1 10 24
23 38 24 0 11 50 19 19 37 22 30 0 53 17 18 16 0
20 29 11 0 13 44 0 0 39
6 0 9
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Balearic Islands Canary Islands Cantabria Castile-La Mancha Castile-Leon Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Region Murcia Region Navarre Basque Country Valencia Region
IB IC C CM CL
28 11
5 0
20 11 2 6 0 14 2 19 23 0
CAT EXT G LR M MU
26 19 0 11 9 15
0 6 0
0 9
0 6 5
0 5 1
55 12 38
13 18 13 0
3 0 4 0
NA PV CV
22 12 0
19 29 0
3 0
0 0
and Navarre show low performance, Madrid medium performance, and Catalonia and Va- lencia high performance. Finally, the DEA allows us to study the specific shortcomings of each regional innovation sys- tem. The efficiency of each region is calculated based on its distance from the closest point to the production possibility frontier (i.e. the best practice frontier), meaning we can calculate the excess inputs or outputs relative to this point. These are, of course, two sides of the same coin. If we use resources inefficiently, we can ask what our excess input is compared to those efficient regions with outputs similar to ours. This is shown in Table 9. We can also ask how much more output is obtained by those regions that efficiently use a similar input to ours. This is shown in Table 10. Since Valencia Region, La Rioja and the Balearic Islands are on
the best practice frontier, we will see that they have neither excesses nor deficits. However, the rest of the Spanish regions show varying degrees of inefficiency in a range of aspects. The possibility of excess inputs is studied in Table 9. The values in Table 9 show the excess (in percentage) for each region compared to those efficient regions (i.e. above the best practice frontier) with a similar output level. It can be seen that the Basque Country, Navarre and Castile-León show more inefficiencies, especially in the case of innovation expenditure per employee. This means that the efficient regions, i.e. those with outputs similar to these three Spanish regions, tend to invest substan- tially less in this area. For example, we can say that there are Basque Country regions that obtain similar results with 38% less innovation expenditure per employee. In contrast, Catalo -
tries, and their average size is also smaller. It therefore seems clear that the presence of SMEs and microSMEs with little professional- isation and low propensity to innovate could explain the above results. Madrid is one of the regions with most output deficits. This is particularly true in the case of sales of innovations, where Madrid Region ob- tains slightly more than half (55%) of those of regions with similar inputs. This same deficit in innovation sales is also observed for Cantabria (44%), Catalonia (39%), Navarre (38%) and Aragon (29%). However, looking in more detail at Cantabria and Aragon, we can see that the main sources of inefficiency in both are the low number of industrial design applications (50% and 38% respectively). (TABLE 10)
nia seems to be close to the regions that make efficient use of their inputs, as is also the case with Murcia and Aragon. As for Catalonia, its main source of inefficiency would be excess business R&D expenditure. (TABLE 9) Similarly, Table 10 shows that regions that efficiently use a set of inputs similar to those of the Spanish regions tend to obtain substantial- ly higher outputs. This is especially true for the percentage of SMEs dedicated to innovation process or product innovations (i.e. techno - logical innovations), production of industrial de- signs and sales of new products, which are the three main sources of inefficiency for Spanish regions as a whole in terms of outputs. This result is inexorably explained by the fact that Spain has a higher percentage of SMEs in the productive fabric than other European coun-
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