AI ETHICS
26. Neal Feigenson and Brian Carney, Generative AI as Courtroom Evidence: A Practical Guide , 52 Mitch. Ham. L. Rev. 1, 54-5 (2025).
27. Chuck Kellner, The End of Reality? How to Combat Deepfakes in Our Legal System , A.B.A. J. (Mar. 10, 2025), https://www.abajournal.com/columns/article/the-end-of-reality-how-to-combat-deepfakes-in-our-legal- system .
28. Open vs Closed Source AI: Key Differences & Impact Explained , E ditorialge , March 10, 2024, https://editorialge.com/open-vs-closed-source-ai/ .
29. ABA S tanding C omm . on E thics & P rof . R esponsibility , Formal Op. 512 (2024) (stating that lawyers using generative AI “must make ‘reasonable efforts to prevent the inadvertent or unauthorized disclosure of, or unauthorized access to, information relating to the representation of the client’” and must understand how AI tools handle and store data before inputting confidential information).
30. The Open or Closed AI Dilemma , B ipartisan P olicy C tr . , May 2, 2024, https://bipartisanpolicy.org/article/the-open-or- closed-ai-dilemma/ .
31. Sachin Gopal Wani, Tanisha Khurana, David Ellison, Matthew Ziegler, Jarrett Upton, On-Premise vs Cloud: Generative AI Total Cost of Ownership , L enovo P ress , May 23, 2025, https://lenovopress.lenovo.com/lp2225-on-premise-vs-cloud- generative-ai-total-cost-of-ownership . 32. See C al . S tanding C omm . O n P rof . R esponsibility & C onduct , Practical Guidance For the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in the Practice Of Law (2024) (a lawyer should “understand to a reasonable degree how the technology works, its limitations, and the applicable terms of use and other policies governing the use and exploitation of client data by the product.”); F la . B ar A dvisory O p . 24-1 (2024) (building on previous ethics opinions related to cloud-computing and extending those recommendations to use of third-party generative AI). 33. Kevin James Doran, AI and You: When Lawyers Should Think Twice about Using AI , ABA GPS olo e R eport , Nov. 2024, https://www.americanbar.org/groups/gpsolo/resources/ereport/2024-november/ai-you-when-lawyers-should- think-twice-using-ai .
34. Id.
35. Varun Magesh, Faiz Surani, Matthew Dahl, Mirac Suzgun, Christopher D. Manning & Daniel E. Ho , Hallucination- Free? Assessing the Reliability of Leading AI Legal Research Tools, 22 J. E mpirical L egal S tud . 216 (2025). This study was conducted in 2025 on models available in 2024. Readers should note that AI tools evolve faster than the research. By the time this white paper is published, tools will have changed again. Readers should focus on patterns “that persist across studies rather than exact percentages that will be outdated in months.” Rebecca Fordon, What the Science Says About Hallucinations in Legal Research, Mar. 9, 2026, https://www.llrx.com/2026/02/what-the-science-says-about- hallucinations-in-legal-research/ .
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Parity in Practice: The Defender’s Duty to Ethically Use AI
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