Roots – system underground and at the base of a tree where sources are energy are absorbed and transported. Roots store reserves of sugar, starches and materials that nourish the tree. Roots also produce chemicals to preserve the health of a tree. Most important, roots anchor the tree and keep the tree stable. Rust -- Orange to red/brown pustules on leaves, or fruit of a tree. Scaffold branches – permanent or structural branches that serve as a mature tree’s framework. Sapwood -- the soft outer layers of recently formed wood between the heartwood and the bark, containing the functioning vascular tissue. Sequestration -- process of capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and transforming it into biomass through photosynthesis. Sequestered carbon is then accumulated in the form of biomass, deadwood, litter and in forest soils. Release of carbon from forest ecosystems results from natural processes (respiration and oxidation) as well as deliberate or unintended results of human activities (e.g., harvesting, fires, deforestation). Shade tree -- tree of large stature that is capable of growing to heights greater than 50 feet. Soil test – a kit used to conduct a soil analysis to determine pH, mineral composition, structure, salinity, and other characteristics. Structural pruning – pruning to establish a strong arrangement or system of scaffold branches. Stunting -- Abnormally small growth on a tree that can indicate stress. Three-cut pruning – a recommended method of pruning a branch. The first cut is beneath the branch and outside of the branch collar. A second should be made outside the first cut, all the way through the branch, leaving a clean cut. A third cut to the stub just outside the branch bark ridge or branch collar, complete the pruning cut. Topping – inappropriate pruning to reduce tree size by cutting a predetermined crown limit, often at the nodes. Transpiration – water vapor loss through the stomata of leaves. Tree canopy -- the layer of leaves, branches, and stems of trees that cover the ground when viewed from above. Trunk guard – protection used around the base of a tree to prevent damage from lawnmowers, edgers, and string trimmers. If high enough, a trunk guard can also protect a tree from deer browse. Understory tree -- typically a tree ranging in height from 15-49 feet that lives under the forest canopy. Urban forest – the sum of all woody and associated vegetation in and around dense human settlements, from small communities to metropolitan regions, including street residential, and park trees, greenbelt vegetation, trees on unused public and private land, trees in transportation and utility corridors, and forests on watershed lands. Urban forestry – management of naturally occurring and planted trees and associated plants in the built environment. Vascular discoloration -- darkening of the tree wood vascular areas, often along growth rings. Watershed -- land area that channels rainfall and snowmelt to creeks, streams, and rivers, and eventually to outflow points such as reservoirs, bays, and the ocean. Whiterot -- bleached appearance on wood, typically on broadleaf trees. May appear in a hollow in the tree. Wilt – loss of turgor and subsequent drooping leaves and young stems that is a symptom of stress and lack of water.
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