JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
11
Table 3. Properties of different nanocellulose in pulp and paper process. Nanocellulose sources Properties
References
NFC from Eucalyptus pulps
Different revolutions (Rev.) 0, 1000, 1250, 2500, 3750 Rev. were used and handsheets from Eucalyptus pulps were prepared for printing paper. The highest tensile index and bust index were obtained by 3750 Rev. with a result of 4.65 KPam 2 /g and 85.5 Nm/g, respectively. The tear index was highest at 1250 Rev for 68.4 mN.m 2 /g but a reduction in opacity was observed with increasing of revolution. Handsheets were prepared with different ratios of CMP hardwood pulp and NFC (0, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%). The increment of NFC up to 8% reduced the roughness (6.8 μm) compared to the control (8.1 μm). The addition of 8% NFC had the highest tensile index of the control sample, but the tear index showed a reduction (8.2 mN.m 2 /g) as compared to the control (9.8 mN.m 2 / g). The handsheet was prepared from different blends of nanocellulose from three different sources. The highest tensile index was observed for 45 sisal (S):55 pine (P) with value 30.99 N m/g and it also has the highest value for tear index 19.83 mN.m 2 /g. The bursting index was recorded highest for 55 S: 45 P with a value of 3.55 kPa.m 2 /g. TOCNF was added to the bamboo pulp to prepare the colored paper. The results showed that the colored paper with 0.3 g TOCNF exhibited improvements in tensile strength, strain, and tear to 80%, 90% and 86%, respectively. The basis weight, tightness and smoothness of paper also increased with increase of TOCNF content. Meanwhile the roughness and thickness decreased. The strength of paper increases due to inherent fiber strength because TOCNF is rich in hydroxyl and carboxyl groups.
(González et al. 2012)
NFC from Chemimechanical pulp from hardwood species
(J. Kasmani and Samariha 2019)
(Pego, Lúcia Bianchi, and Kaji Yasumura 2020b)
Nanocellulose from Eucaplyptus sp . sisal and pine
TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF) from bamboo pulp
(Dai et al. 2022)
bonding while reducing the average fiber length, thereby causing fluctuations in tear strength. The incorporation of cellulosic nanofibers leads to a reduction in tear strength, with the lowest tear strength observed in nanopaper (Zeng et al. 2021). Specifically, the addition of 8% NFC resulted in a 10.4% decrease in tear strength compared to the treatment without NFC (0% NFC) (J. Kasmani and Samariha 2019). Due to its exceptional mechanical strength and thermal properties, nanocellulose has found extensive application as a reinforcement material in papermaking (Shak, Pang, and Mah 2018). Furthermore, nanocellulose exhibits the advantages of being lightweight and transparent (Phanthong et al. 2018). Table 3 shows the properties of different nanocellulose sources in the pulp and paper process. Application.. To summarize, the application of nanocellulose in papermaking offers significant advantages. With its high mechanical strength and thermal properties, nanocellulose serves as an effective reinforce- ment material. Moreover, its lightweight and transparent nature contributes to its versatility as an additive. Ongoing research and development in nanocellulose hold the promise of further advancements in the field of papermaking. Mineral fillers are commonly used in papermaking to improve its properties and reduce costs. Inorganic fillers are usually cheaper than pulp fibers. Paper properties such as air permeability, surface smoothness, bulk porosity, light scattering, stiffness, gloss, and printability depend on the intrinsic properties of mineral fillers and the level of filler ratio (Taib 2023). There are different types of mineral fillers like ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), PCC is preferred over GCC due to its superior properties, including higher chemical purity, uniform particle size, and less abrasiveness (Dhakad et al. 2023). However, PCC can cause severe wear and tear on paper machine parts such as wire, foils, rolls, ceramics, and printing cylinders, which is influenced by particle structure, fineness, hardness, and sharp edges. Even a small amount of impurities like quartz can be abrasive. Therefore, it is important to use nano- sized fillers to avoid their detrimental effects. Nano PCC can be extracted through the co-precipitation process, which is a bottom-up synthesis method widely employed in nanoparticle manufacturing processes. Several methods have been developed to control the morphology, structure, and size of nano PCC. One approach involves the use of organic compounds, such as surfactants and polymers, which help prevent particle agglomeration (Sani et al. 2022). Brightness, pigment and whitening agent Nano- precipitated calcium carbonate (NanoPCC) and nano calcium carbonate
Made with FlippingBook interactive PDF creator