[46] O. Eguegu, “China and Equatorial Guinea: Why Their New ‘Comprehensive Strategic Partnership’ Matters,” The Diplomat, June 10, 2024. Available: https://thediplomat.com/2024/06/china-and-equatorial-guinea-why-their-new-comprehensive- strategic-partnership-matters/ [47] M. Tanchum, “China’s New Military Base in Africa,” European Council on Foreign Relations, Dec. 14, 2021. Available: https://ecfr.eu/article/chinas-new-military-base-in-africa-what-it-means-for-europe-and-america/ [48] L. Suadoni, “The Discreet Rise of Chinese Private Security Companies,” Atlas Institute of International Affairs, Nov. 30, 2025. Available: https://atlasinstitute.org/the-discreet-rise-of-chinese-private-security-companies-implications- for-africa/ [49] Chen Qingqing, “China-Africa security forum injects positive energy into global peace,” Global Times, August 28, 2023, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202308/1297125.shtml [50] “China’s Export Surge to Africa in 2025 Complicates Efforts to Rebalance Trade,” China-Global South Project, Feb. 9, 2026. Available: https://chinaglobalsouth.com/analysis/the-2025-china-africa-trade-rundown/ [51] “China’s Influence in Africa: Challenges and Strategic Implications,” NATO, n.d. Available: https://nrdc-ita.nato.int/newsroom/insights/chinas-influence-in-africa-challenges-and-strategic- implications [52] “China’s Export Surge to Africa in 2025 Complicates Efforts to Rebalance Trade,” China-Global South Project, Feb. 9, 2026. Available: https://chinaglobalsouth.com/analysis/the-2025-china-africa-trade-rundown/ [53] Ibid. [54] C. Okafor, “Top 10 African countries with the highest debt to China,” Business Insider Africa, Nov. 25, 2024. Available: https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/top-10-african-countries-with-the-highest-debt- to-china/jf5d5fn [55] “China’s Influence in Africa: Challenges and Strategic Implications,” NATO, n.d. Available: https://nrdc-ita.nato.int/newsroom/insights/chinas-influence-in-africa-challenges-and-strategic- implications [56] P. Tembe, Associate Professor, University of South Africa, interview with the author, Aug. 24, 2022.
// RUSSIA AND CHINA IN AFRICA Delphi Global Research Center
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