[12] T. Clark, “Opportunity in Africa: Growth Potential Abounds — With the Right Strategy,” Forbes, June 3, 2025. Available: https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2025/06/03/opportunity-in-africa-growth-potential-abounds- with-the-right-strategy/ [13] P. Nantulya, “China’s Policing Models Make Inroads in Africa,” Africa Center for Strategic Studies, May 22, 2023. Available: https://africacenter.org/spotlight/chinas-policing-models-make-inroads-in-africa/ [14] C. Qingqing, “China-Africa security forum injects positive energy into global peace,” Global Times, Aug. 28, 2023. Available: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202308/1297125.shtml [15] D. Whitman, “A Movie We’ve Seen Before: Russia’s Pitch for Africa,” Delphi Global Research Center, Jan. 12, 2026. Available: https://www.delphigrc.org/research/a-movie-we-ve-seen-before-russia-s-pitch-for-africa [16] Ibid. [17] Ibid. [18] Ibid. [19] T. Naadi, “Russian mercenaries accused of cold-blooded killings in Mali,” BBC News, Nov. 25, 2025. Available: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmx7x3yjyko [20] E. Olander, “China Tops Favorability Rankings in Africa, Outpacing U.S. and EU,” China-Global South Project, June 5, 2025. Available: https://chinaglobalsouth.com/2025/06/05/china-most-favored-global-power-in-africa/ [21] “The New Scramble for Africa: How Russia and China Are Reshaping the Continent,” Defense.info, Aug. 31, 2025. Available: https://defense.info/highlight-of-the-week/the-new-scramble-for-africa-how-russia-and-china- are-reshaping-the-continent/ [22] D. W. Bewket, Professor, Addis Ababa University, interview with the author, Aug. 29, 2022. [23] S. Carciotto and R. Chikohomero, “Chinese labour practices in six southern African countries,” Institute for Security Studies, Aug. 2022. Available: https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/Mono-207.pdf [24] P. Maluki, Professor, University of Nairobi, interview with the author, Sept. 1, 2022. [25] E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939, New York: Harper-Collins, 1964. [26] D. R. Worley, Orchestrating the Instruments of Power, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015. [27] Diplomat posted to the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, interview with the author, Sept. 2, 2022. [28] B. Bondarev, “Lavrov Returns to Africa,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, vol. 20, no. 91, June 6, 2023. Available: https://jamestown.org/program/lavrov-returns-to-africa/ [29] W. Brown, “The Bear and the Bot Farm: Countering Russian Hybrid Warfare in Africa,” European Council on Foreign Relations, Oct. 22, 2025. Available: https://ecfr.eu/publication/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in- africa/
// RUSSIA AND CHINA IN AFRICA Delphi Global Research Center
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