G20 South Africa: The Johannesburg Summit, Leaders Background Briefing Book is a high-level publication offering authoritative analysis and insight into the priorities, performance and policy direction of the G20. Produced by the Global Governance Project, it brings together contributions from world leaders, international organisations and leading experts to examine the most pressing global challenges, from economic inequality and climate finance to digital governance and energy transition. Centred on South Africa’s 2025 presidency and its theme of solidarity, equality and sustainability, the edition provides a comprehensive overview of the summit agenda, with a particular focus on advancing the interests of the Global South and Africa. Combining expert commentary with data-driven research and compliance tracking, it serves as an essential reference for policymakers, business leaders and stakeholders engaged in shaping the future of global governance.
The Johannesburg Summit
2025
A NEW GLOBAL COMPACT Revitalising cooperation to strengthen collective resilience
REBALANCING THE WORLD ORDER Empowering the Global South through inclusive representation and shared decision-making
A CLIMATE OF ACCOUNTABILITY Accelerating the commitment to delivering sustainable growth
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CONTENTS
WELCOME
LEADERS' VIEWS
Brazil leads global call for climate action Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President, Brazil
Welcoming America’s ‘golden age’ Donald Trump, President, United States
India’s call for inclusive progress
Indonesia’s call for hope
Championing Africa’s voice in global governance Cyril Matamela Ramaphosa, President, South Africa
Prabowo Subianto, President, Indonesia
Narendra Modi, Prime Minister, India
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Australia’s vision for shared security and sustainable prosperity Anthony Albanese, Prime Minister, Australia
Building a fairer, stronger Britain Sir Keir Starmer, Prime Minister, United Kingdom
France calls for renewed global cooperation Emmanuel Macron, President, France
Saudi Arabia leads global water cooperation Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Arabia
Pooling the strength of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to improve global governance Xi Jinping, President, China
Building a fairer, inclusive world Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President, T ü rkiye
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Rebuilding trust and reforming global governance for a changing world Giorgia Meloni, Prime Minister, Italy
Leveraging energy strength, democratic values and strategic alliances, Canada is thriving Mark Carney, Prime Minister, Canada
TO COME Delivering shared prosperity and justice Claudia Sheinbaum, President, Mexico
Building strength, resilience and global leadership
Choosing reform over decline Javier Milei, President, Argentina
Advancing democracy and
responsible innovation
Takaichi Sanae, Prime Minister, Japan
Lee Jae Myung , President, Korea
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Germany calls for a stronger, united Europe Friedrich Merz, Chancellor, Germany
The merits of multipolarity in a changing world Vladimir Putin, President, Russia
Defending Europe’s freedom and future Ursula von der Leyen, President, European Commission
Europe’s choice: Multilateralism over chaos António Costa, President, European Council
Building Africa’s future through unity João Lourenço, President, Angola, and Chairperson, African Union
The G20 Johannesburg Summit: Preserving multilateral cooperation in a fragmented world
Pedro Sánchez, President, Spain
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// CONTENTS
GUEST LEADERS' VIEWS
EQUALITY
//DEVELOPMENT AND DEBT RELIEF G20 performance on development Sonja Dobson, research associate, G20 Research Group From South Africa to the United States: How two G20s can address the issues of debt and fiscal stress constraining global growth Vera Songwe, chair, Liquidity and Sustainability Facility //DIGITALISATION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE G20 performance on digitalisation Maria Zelenova, senior researcher, G20 Research Group Building an AI economy that works for all Doreen Bogdan-Martin, ITU secretary general Towards a Johannesburg declaration on AI governance Chris Alden, professor of international relations, LSE, and Kenddrick Chan, LSE IDEAS Ensuring the Global South has a meaningful place in the AI race George Takach, author, Cold War 2.0
//GENDER EQUALITY G20 performance on gender equality Julia Kulik, director, strategic initiatives and public engagement, G20 Research Group //TOURISM, TRAVEL //TOURISM, TRAVEL AND CULTURE Solidarity, equality, sustainability: Reimagining tourism for a resilient global future Z urab Pololikashvili, secretary general, UN Tourism
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Egypt: Investing in peace and shared prosperity Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, President, Egypt The ocean can help us solve global challenges Jonas Gahr Støre, Prime Minister, Norway Ireland and the G20 Micheál Martin, Taoiseach, Ireland Algeria’s call for equity and reform in global governance Abdelmadjid Tebboune, President, Algeria The United Arab Emirates in the G20: Collective action for a sustainable future His Highness Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, United Arab Emirates //SHERPA'S VIEWS From crisis to continuity: The G20 is building a resilient and sustainable global economy Cynthia Termorshuizen, Canada’s Deputy Minister for the G7 and personal representative of the Prime Minister for the G7 and G20
//MACROECONOMIC POLICY G20 performance on macroeconomic policy Angela Minyi Hou, senior researcher, G20 Research Group Tackling uncertainty to revive growth Mathias Cormann, OECD secretary general //FINANCIAL STABILITY Strengthening global financial resilience: The FSB and G20’s shared mission Andrew Bailey, chair, Financial Stability Board Financial risks and geopolitical uncertainty Chiara Oldani, lecturer, monetary economics, Università degli Studi della Tuscia //TRADE AND INVESTMENT G20 performance on trade Joanna Davies, senior researcher, G20 Research Group Facilitating secure and efficient global trade requires the steady hand of customs Ian Saunders, secretary general, World Customs Organization African trade policies in Mr Trump’s world P eter Draper, executive director, Institute for International Trade in the School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, and Andreas
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//ADVOCACY Africa united
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WTM Africa’s role in regional integration through tourism 2 SUSTAINABILITY //CLIMATE CHANGE G20 performance on climate change Brittaney Warren, senior summit accountability researcher, G20 Research Group 80
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//ADVOCACY Sabah’s living blueprint for a
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sustainable planet Datuk Seri Panglima Haji Hajiji Haji Noor, Chief Minister of Sabah, Malaysia From observation to adaptation: Empowering countries to act Celeste Saulo, secretary general, World Meteorological Organization Rethinking adaptation funding for a fairer, smarter future Gautam Jain, senior research scholar, Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy, and Jeffrey Schlegelmilch, director, National Center for Disaster Preparedness, Columbia Climate School
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EDITORS' INTRODUCTIONS
//LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT G20 performance on labour and employment Eisha Khan, senior researcher, G20 Research Group
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Prospects for the G20’s Johannesburg Summit
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John Kirton, director, G20 Research Group Africa’s voice at the G20: Will
Freytag, professor of economics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena
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Investing in inclusion: Building decent work and social protection for all
Johannesburg deliver? Elizabeth Sidiropoulos, chief executive, and Krissmonne Olwagen, G20 research fellow, South African Institute of International Affairs
Gilbert Houngbo, director-general, International Labour Organization
6 // G20 SOUTH AFRICA: THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT 2025
3 SOLIDARITY THROUGH SECURITY
//ENVIRONMENT G20 performance on environment Siobhan Mehrotra, senior researcher, G20 Research Group progress: Building a sustainable future through innovation Sébastien Dui, founder and CEO, SureFlow The G20 Johannesburg Summit is an opportunity to act for people and planet Astrid Schomaker, executive secretary, Convention on Biological Diversity //ENERGY G20 performance on energy //ADVOCACY Precision for Ella Kokotsis, director of accountability, G20 Research Group //INTERVIEW Powering an equitable energy future Interview with Francesco La Camera, director-general, IRENA //CRITICAL MINERALS Towards an international materials agency: Filling the global governance gap on critical minerals Patrick Schröder, senior research fellow, Chatham House //INTERVIEW Ensuring a just transition for critical minerals Interview with Nozipho J. Mxakato-Diseko, former co-chair, Panel on Critical Energy Transition Minerals A critical minerals framework for a fair and just transition Kathryn Sturman, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland
//DISASTER RESILIENCE AND RESPONSE //INTERVIEW Investing in prevention to secure the future Interview with Kamal Kishore, special representative of the United Nations Secretary General for Disaster Risk Reduction Africa must champion climate resilience and adaptation Jean Chrysostome Ngabitsinze, director-general, African Risk Capacity Group An early warning for the G20: Turning data into decisive action on disaster resilience Jessica Rapson, research associate, G20 Research Group //HEALTH G20 performance on health Natasha Pirzada, senior researcher, G20 Research Group economic priority – building on the momentum of the G20 South Africa presidency David Reddy, director- general, International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA), Bada Pharasi, former CEO, Innovative Pharmaceutical Association South Africa (IPASA) //ADVOCACY Building new bridges to overcome contradictions in global health Axel Radlach Pries, President, World Health Summit //ADVOCACY Challenges for global health at the Johannesburg Summit – facing the paradigmatic shift //ADVOCACY Health as an
Ilona Kickbusch, founding director, Global Health Centre, Graduate Institute
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Fortifying the fight against illicit finance Elisa de Anda Madrazo, president, Financial Action Task Force Strengthening multilateral law and enforcement to confront global threats Valdecy Urquiza, secretary general, Interpol Bridging the illicit finance gap in the Global South Denisse Rudich, director, G20 and G7 Research Groups (London) and CEO of Rudich Advisory Fighting financial crime is a growth strategy Ixart Miquel-Flores, European Central Bank and the Frankfurt School of Finance and Management G20 performance on international financial institutional reform Maria Fernanda Erthal, researcher, G20 Research Group South Africa’s G20 presidency: Performance and prospects for the Johannesburg Summit Mahek Kaur and Irene Wu, co-chairs of summit studies, G20 Research Group South Africa’s partial G20 success in 2025 Daniel Bradlow, professor and senior research fellow, Centre for Advancement of Scholarship, University of Pretoria Back to the future for America’s G20 in 2026 Mark Sobel, US chair, OMFIF
//ADVOCACY Ending neglected tropical diseases for stronger communities, health systems and economies Solomon Zewdu, CEO, The END Fund //FOOD SECURITY A world on the brink of hunger: Why G20 action cannot wait Cindy McCain, executive director, World Food Programme Fixing the food system for global nutrition security Anna Taylor, executive director, The Food Foundation //INFRASTRUCTURE G20 performance on infrastructure Julia Tops, senior researcher, G20 Research Group Innovative instruments for infrastructure progress: Mobilising the private sector Jane Jamieson, program manager, Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility and Quality Infrastructure Investment Partnership, World Bank Group //HOUSING G20 performance on housing Kathryn Kotris, researcher, G20 Research Group Breaking the cycle of poverty and inequality through housing
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Anacláudia Rossbach, United Nations under- secretary-general and executive director, UN-Habitat
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Championing Africa’s voice in global governance
S outh Africa's G20 presidency is a defining moment not just for the country, but for the African con- tinent. As G20 president, South Africa is uniquely positioned to champion the priorities of emerging economies and to drive the African development agenda within the G20 framework. The G20 is an important vehicle to amplify the voices of emerging econ- omies and champion a global agenda rooted in sustainable development and inclusive progress. South Africa aims to foster collaborative solutions that reflect the shared aspirations of developing economy countries, while reshaping the global discourse around equity, resilience and sustainability. When South Africa assumed the G20 presidency in December 2024, it responded to the precarious global climate with the theme 'Solidarity, Equality and Sustainability'. The G20 is the premier forum of economic cooperation, concerned with the stewardship of the global economy, especially during crises such as the 2008 global economic crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic. The G20 is not an alternative to the United Nations but an informal grouping complementing the work of the UN. This has enabled the G20 to be agile during times of crisis and a catalyst for change in the global gov- ernance system. At the core of our presidency is how the G20 should collectively respond to create an environment of inclusive Cyril Matamela Ramaphosa, President, South Africa
economic growth, reduced inequality and sustainable development, espe- cially in the Global South and the African continent. South Africa has built on the developmental agenda advanced by the presidencies of Indo- nesia, India and Brazil. The strategic priorities of South Africa’s G20 presidency include: l Strengthening disaster resil- ience and response: Calling for global cooperation–including finan- cial institutions and the private sector–to scale up post-disaster reconstruction. l Ensuring debt sustainability for developing economies: Advancing solutions for high deficits and liquid- ity challenges, extending debt relief and addressing the cost of capital. l Mobilising finance for a just energy transition: Seeking increased climate finance flows to developing economies, strengthening multilateral development banks and leveraging private capital for initia- tives like the Just Energy Transition Partnership. l Leveraging critical minerals for inclusive growth: Promoting value addition near extraction sites and developing low-carbon manufac- turing chains. South Africa aims to champion the use of critical minerals as engines for growth and develop- ment in Africa.
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“At the core of our presidency is how the G20 should collectively respond to create an environment of inclusive economic growth, reduced inequality and sustainable development, especially in the Global South and the African continent”
We have also established three task forces focusing on inclusive economic growth, industrialisation, employ- ment and reduced inequality; food security; and artificial intelligence, data governance and innovation for sustainable development. We are working with the African Union, now a member of the G20, to amplify Africa’s voice in global eco- nomic governance, ensuring that the development priorities of the African continent and the Global South are firmly on the G20 agenda. To translate policy frameworks into impact, South Africa’s presidency is championing an elevated and broad- ened Compact with Africa initiative, driven by the AU’s Agenda 2063. Following Brazil’s example, South Africa will host a G20 Social Summit, expanding outreach beyond the established G20 engagement groups to civil society organisations, think tanks and academia from across the world. The challenges confronting the world can only be resolved through cooperation, collaboration and part- nership. South Africa has sought to play a bridge-building role during its presidency, addressing geopolitical tensions in an effort to reach con- sensus on the G20’s priorities and deliverables. We believe we can deliver a trans- formative G20 presidency and leave a permanent legacy for the African continent, the Global South and the global community of nations.
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// LEADERS' VIEWS LUIZ INÁCIO LULA DA SILVA, PRESIDENT, BRAZIL
Brazil leads global call for climate action T he concrete fact is that at every COP [Conference of the Parties] we attend, many decisions are
transparent and shared governance of biodiversity beyond national jurisdictions… We take pride in being an oceanic nation. Brazil’s maritime territory covers 5.7 million square kilometers – an area comparable in size to the Amazon. That is why we call it the Blue Amazon. The analogy between the forest and the sea goes beyond the natural wealth they both harbor, or the cultural heritage of the peoples who depend on and care for these biomes. Both Amazons are suffering the impacts of climate change. Tropical forests are being pushed toward their tipping point. The ocean is running a fever. In just one year, the average sea temperature rose by nearly as much as it had over the previous four decades combined. Science has proven that the cause of this illness is global warming and the continued use of fossil fuels. Over the past ten years, the world has produced more plastic than in the entire previous century. Plastic waste accounts for 80% of all marine pollution. Saving this biome requires renewed dedication to the implementation of SDG [Sustainable Development Goal] 14 and the Paris Agreement. Brazil will highlight ocean conservation and sustainable use at COP30, as we did in our Nationally Determined Contribution… In addition to ending deforestation by 2030, we will expand our protected marine areas from 26% to 30%, meeting the target of the Global Biodiversity Framework. We will also implement programs dedicated to mangroves and coral reefs, and we are formulating a national strategy to combat plastic pollution in the ocean… We are promoting sustainable fishing and combating illegal activities that threaten this vital sector for the food security of our population… Together with the United Nations, Brazil will launch a “Global Ethical Balance” to mobilize thinkers, artists, intellectuals and religious leaders, youth, women, Indigenous peoples, traditional communities, and people of African descent in the lead-up to COP30. We need to build a great wave to shape a fairer and more sustainable future. Speech at the UN Ocean Conference, Nice, France, 9 June 2025
working to expand funding beyond the 300 billion dollars negotiated at the COP in Baku. In Belém, we will launch the Forever Tropical Forests Fund, an innovative mechanism that will provide compensation to countries that keep their forests standing… It will be time for world leaders to show whether they are truly committed to the future of the planet… We need a new global governance. If the United Nations is the space we created to address the most important issues facing humanity, it is there that climate change must be addressed. whether they truly want to ensure that the climate does not allow warming beyond one and a half degrees. Statement to civil society, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization Summit, 22 August 2025 We cannot speak of sustainable development without including the ocean. Without protecting it, we cannot effectively combat climate change. The survival of three billion people depends directly on marine resources. The ocean is the planet’s main climate regulator, thanks to the entire chain of life it sustains… We will work to establish a Climate Council capable of mobilizing countries to fulfill their commitments… The question is whether these people are willing, at least, to help finance this. So that they can show Preventing the oceans from becoming a stage for geopolitical disputes is an urgent task in our quest for peace. Canals, gulfs, and straits must bring us together – not drive us apart. Curbing a predatory race for seabed minerals requires strong support for the International Seabed Authority… Brazil is committed to ratifying the High Seas Treaty later this year to ensure the
made, but they are not implemented. Few countries work hard to comply with the decisions… Therefore, we must have clarity on how we will conduct ourselves at this COP [in November at Belém]. This COP is set to take place in the Amazon because many people give opinions about the Amazon, but few truly know it. And we want people to get to know the Amazon, to understand
that 50 million people live across these eight countries. We want people to learn the lesson that beneath every tree canopy,
there is an Indigenous person, an extractor, a rubber tapper, an angler, a small-scale rural worker. And these people must survive. And those who believe in the importance of
keeping the forest standing must help
provide the resources so that we can preserve it… Brazil has already submitted its NDCs
[Nationally Determined Contributions]. And we have done so with the expectation that all countries will arrive presenting their own NDCs… If each country does its part, we will manage to get there… We have been working on interesting proposals. We are proposing a fund to keep the forests standing, and I want to see which countries are willing to contribute so that we can maintain them… The most promising path is that of diversifying our energy sources… Decarbonization is not a choice; it is increasingly becoming a necessity. The Brazilian Presidency [of COP] has launched four dialogue circles. The Circle of Presidents from previous COPs is committed to ensuring that the new Nationally Determined Contributions meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. The Circle of Finance Ministers is
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// LEADERS' VIEWS DONALD TRUMP, PRESIDENT, UNITED STATES
Welcoming America’s ‘golden age’ A merica is blessed with the strongest economy, the strongest borders, the strongest military, the
little skirmish. It’s not making Russia look good… The only question now is how many more lives will be needlessly lost on both sides. China and India are the primary funders of the ongoing war by continuing to purchase Russian oil. But, inexcusably, even NATO countries have not cut off much Russian energy… In the event that Russia is not ready to make a deal to end the war, then the United States is fully prepared to impose a very strong round of powerful tariffs, which would stop the bloodshed, I believe, very quickly. But for those tariffs to be effective, European nations, … would have to join us in adopting the exact same measures… The best example is the number one political issue of our time, the crisis of uncontrolled migration … Your countries are being ruined. The United Nations is funding an assault on Western countries and their borders … In the United States, we reject the idea that mass numbers of people from foreign lands can be permitted to travel halfway around the world, trample our borders, violate our sovereignty, cause unmitigated crime and deplete our social safety net. We have reasserted that America belongs to the American people, and I encourage all countries to take their own stand in defence of their citizens as well… Energy is another area where the United States is now thriving like never before. We’re getting rid of the falsely named renewables, by the way – they’re a joke, they don’t work, they’re too expensive, they’re not strong enough to fire up the plants that you need to make your country great … And most of them are built in China… [We] have very clean air … But the problem is that other countries, like China, which has air that’s a little bit rough, … [is that] no matter what you’re doing down here, the air up here tends to get very dirty, because it comes in from other countries where their air isn’t so clean – and the environmentalists refuse to acknowledge that same thing
strongest friendships and the strongest spirit of any nation on the face of the Earth. This is indeed the golden age of America… We’ve implemented the largest tax cuts in American history and the largest regulation cuts in American history, making this once and again, the best country on Earth to do business… If you come illegally into the United States, you’re going to jail, or you’re going back to where you came from, or perhaps even further than that… At the NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] summit in June, virtually all NATO members formally committed to increased defence spending, at my request, from 2% to 5% of GDP [gross domestic product], making our alliance far stronger and more powerful than it was ever before. In May, I travelled to the Middle East to visit my friends and rebuild our partnerships in the Gulf, and those valued relationships with Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the UAE and other countries are now, I believe, closer than ever before. My administration has negotiated one historic trade deal after another, including with the United Kingdom, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and many, many others. Likewise, in a period of just seven months. I have ended seven unendable wars… Our priority, starting with the nation of Iran, my position is very simple. The world’s number one sponsor of terror can never be allowed to possess the most dangerous weapon … With Iran’s nuclear enrichment capacity demolished, I immediately brokered an end to the 12-Day War, as it’s called, between Israel and Iran… I’ve also been working relentlessly to stop the killing in Ukraine … Everyone thought Russia would win this war in three days, but it didn’t work out that way. It was supposed to be just a quick
with garbage in Asia. They dump much of their garbage right into the ocean, and over about a one-week or two-week journey, it flows right past Los Angeles … The primary effect of these brutal green energy policies has not been to help the environment, but to redistribute manufacturing and industrial activity from developed countries that follow the insane rules that are put down to polluting countries that break the rules and are making a fortune. But we stand ready to provide any country with abundant, affordable energy supplies if you need them, when most of you do. We’re proudly exporting energy all over the world. We’re now the largest exporter in the United States. We want trade and robust commerce with all nations, everybody. We want to help nations. We’re going to help nations, but it must also be fair and reciprocal. The challenge with trade is much the same with climate. The countries that followed the rules, all their factories have been plundered … That is why the United States is now applying tariffs to other countries. And much as these tariffs were for many years, applied to us, uncontrollably...we have used tariffs as a defence mechanism under the Trump administration, including my first term, where hundreds of billions of dollars in tariffs were taken in. And by the way, we had the lowest inflation, and now we have very low inflation. The only thing different is that we have hundreds of billions of dollars flowing into our country, but this is how we will ensure that the system works for everyone and is sustainable into the future. Transcript of address to the United Nations General Assembly, 23 September 2025
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// LEADERS' VIEWS
NARENDRA MODI, PRIME MINISTER, INDIA
India’s call for inclusive progress T he Global South has often faced double standards. Whether it’s about development, distribution of
an AI powered weather prediction app, its real success shall be when it benefits a farmer or a fisherman living in a small village in my country… At the international level as well, we must adopt a human-centric approach. Everyone
the basic principles of availability, accessibility, affordability and acceptability, India has chosen the path of inclusive development.
resources, or security related matters, the interests of the Global South have not been given due importance. The Global South often received nothing more than token gestures on topics like climate finance, sustainable development, and technology access… Two-thirds of humanity still lack proper representation in global institutions built in the 20th century. Many countries that play a key role in today’s global economy are yet to be given a seat at the decision-making table. This is not just about representation, it’s also about credibility and effectiveness. Without the Global South, these institutions are like a mobile phone with a SIM card but no network. They’re unable to function properly or meet the challenges of the 21st century. Whether it’s ongoing conflicts across the world, the pandemic, economic crises, or emerging challenges in cyber or space, these institutions have failed to offer solutions… Today the world needs a new multipolar and inclusive world order. This will have to start with comprehensive reforms in global institutions. These reforms should not be merely symbolic, but their real impact should also be visible. There must be changes in governance structures, voting rights, and leadership positions. The challenges faced by countries in the Global South must be given priority in policymaking… The expansion of [the] BRICS and the inclusion of new partners reflect its ability to evolve with the times. Now, we must demonstrate the same determination to reform institutions like the UN Security Council, the WTO [World Trade Organization], and Multilateral Development Banks… Statement during the BRICS summit session on Reform of Global Governance, 6 July 2025 Ensuring energy security for future generations is one of our biggest challenges. We consider it not only a priority but also as a responsibility towards our citizens. Moving forward on
Today, almost all homes in India have an electricity connection. India has one of the lowest per unit electricity costs. Despite being the world’s fastest growing major economy, India has completed its Paris Commitments ahead of time. We are also moving rapidly towards the goal of Net Zero by 2070. Currently, renewable energy accounts for about 50% of our total installed capacity. We are moving steadfast towards the target of 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030. We are focusing on Green Hydrogen, Nuclear Energy, Ethanol Blending for clean energy. We are inspiring all the countries of the world to move towards a green and sustainable future. Towards this, we have introduced global initiatives like the International Solar Alliance, Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, Mission LiFE, Global Biofuels Alliance, One Sun One World One Grid… Unfortunately, the countries of the Global South are having to bear the maximum impact of uncertainty and conflicts. No matter where the tension is in the world, these countries are the first to be affected by food, fuel, fertiliser and financial crises… Undoubtedly, AI [artificial intelligence] is emerging as a powerful tool to enhance efficiency and foster innovation across all sectors. However, AI itself is a highly energy-intensive technology. The growing energy consumption driven by AI data centers, and the increasing energy demands of today’s technology-driven societies can only be sustainably addressed through renewable energy sources… In India, all our efforts have been based on a human-centric approach. We believe that the true value of any technology lies in its ability to benefit the very last person. No one in the Global South should be left behind. For example, if we develop
recognises the potential and usefulness of AI. However, the real challenge is not the power and capability of AI itself, but ensuring that AI tools enhance human dignity and empowerment… Rich data is the foundation for inclusive, capable, and responsible AI. India’s diversity, reflected in its vibrant lifestyle, multitude of languages, and vast geography, makes it one of the most valuable and powerful sources of rich data. AI models developed and tested against the benchmark of India’s diversity will therefore hold immense relevance and utility for the entire world. In India, we have stressed building a robust data empowerment and protection architecture. Alongside this, India possesses a vast talent pool that can significantly contribute to global efforts in the field of AI, through its scale, skill, diversity, and commitment to democratic values… First, we must work towards governance at an international level that addresses concerns related to AI while also promoting innovation. Only then can we transform AI into a force for global good. Second, in the age of AI, close cooperation in the areas of critical minerals and technology is extremely important. We must focus on securing and strengthening the resilience of their supply chains. We must also ensure that no country uses them solely for its own interests or as a weapon. Thirdly, deep fakes are a major cause for concern, as they can create widespread disorder in society. Therefore, AI generated content must be clearly water-marked or accompanied by a clear disclosure… With this spirit, I extend a cordial invitation to all of you for the AI Impact Summit to be held in India next year. Address during the G7 Outreach Session on Energy Security at the G7 Kananaskis Summit, 17 June 2025
12 // G20 SOUTH AFRICA: THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT 2025
// LEADERS' VIEWS
PRABOWO SUBIANTO, PRESIDENT, INDONESIA
T he world’s population is water insecurity haunt many nations. We choose to answer these challenges directly at home and to help abroad whenever we can. This year, we recorded the highest rice production and growing. Our planet is under strain. Food, energy, and grain reserves in our history. We are now self‑sufficient in rice and we have exported rice to other nations in need, including providing rice to Palestine. We are building resilient food supply chains, strengthening farmer productivity, and investing in climate‑smart agriculture to ensure food security for our children and our neighbours. As the world’s largest island state, we are already experiencing the direct consequences of climate change, particularly the threat of rising sea levels. This reality compels us to act with urgency, and with determination. Therefore we choose to confront climate change – not by slogans, but by measurable and immediate steps. We are committed to meeting our 2015 Paris Agreement obligations. We aim to achieve net zero by 2060 and we are confident we can achieve net zero much earlier. We aim to reforest more than 12 million hectares of degraded land, to reduce forest degradation, and to empower local communities with resilience and quality green jobs for the future. Indonesia is shifting decisively from fossil fuel based development towards renewable based development. From next year, most of our additional power generation capacity will come from renewables. Our goal is clear: To lift all of our citizens out of poverty and make Indonesia a hub for solutions to food, energy, and water security… Today, still, a catastrophic situation in Gaza is unfolding before us. The innocent are crying for help. At this very moment,
Indonesia’s call for hope
millions of children are facing danger, trauma, and irreparable damage to their bodies. Will we teach them that differences must end in violence and war? Can we remain silent as this humanitarian disaster in Gaza continues? Violence cannot be used to answer any political conflict because violence can only beget more violence. This community of nations must take a decisive stance to stop this catastrophe, or the world will enter a very dangerous situation of unending wars and escalating violence… Let us use science to uplift, not use science to destroy. Let rising nations lift others as they rise. civilisations: Civilisations of the West, civilisations of the East, of American civilisation, of European civilisation, of Indian civilisation, of Persian civilisation, of Chinese civilisation, of Islamic civilisation, will rise to their role demanded by history. We are all hopeful that the leaders of the world will show great statesmanship, great wisdom, restraint, and humility in their leadership of the world… To close, I would like to reiterate again Indonesia's complete support for the Two State Solution. Both Palestine and Israel must be free and independent, safe and secure from threats and terrorism. I repeat, the only solution is two nations, two descendants of Abraham living in reconciliation, peace and harmony. Arabs, Jews, Muslims and Christians living together. Indonesia is committed to being part of making this vision a reality. Let us work towards this noble goal. Let us continue humanity’s journey of hope – a journey started by our forefathers. A journey we must complete. Address to the United Nations General Assembly, 23 September 2025 I am convinced that the leaders of the great world
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// LEADERS' VIEWS
ANTHONY ALBANESE , PRIME MINISTER, AUSTRALIA
Australia’s vision for shared security and sustainable prosperity W e all have a role to play in making sure that the system which has enabled the rise
an environmental challenge, it is an existential threat… As an economy engaged in the fastest growing region of the world in human history, Australia champions the benefits of free and fair trade. And we work to strengthen it. By advocating for working people to share in the prosperity trade creates: through better wages, safer workplaces and the elimination of exploitation and modern slavery. And by supporting the security of communications and maritime travel that makes trade possible, through the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, including in our region and the South China Sea. And as a proud member of the Pacific Family, as a continent home to some of the greatest natural treasures on the planet, and as a nation blessed with the traditional resources, critical minerals, skills and sunlight and space to power the global shift to net zero. Australia is acting to meet the environmental challenge of climate change while working to seize and share the economic opportunities of renewable energy. We will meet our 2030 target of 43 per cent emissions reduction on 2005 levels. And last week on 18 September we set our target for 2035: cutting emissions by 62 to 70 per cent. We are honouring our commitment to the Paris Agreement and its goal of keeping global temperatures below dangerous levels. Our target is ambitious – importantly it is achievable. And more than anything else, Australia’s embrace of clean renewable energy will get us there. Clean energy can carry the world beyond the false choice between economic growth and environmental responsibility. Because clean energy enables the rapidly growing economies of the Indo-Pacific to industrialise and
of new powers, safeguards the rights and aspirations of every nation big and small. For Australia, this means investing in our capabilities and investing in our relationships. Investing in development, in defence and in diplomacy. To strengthen the security of our region, to support the sovereignty of our neighbours and to contribute to the cause of peace beyond the Indo-Pacific. We promote unity in the Pacific Islands Forum. We are deepening our engagement with ASEAN [Association of Southeast Asian Nations], and elevating our partnerships with Indonesia, India, the Republic of Korea and Japan. And we are breaking new ground with old friends: in the United Kingdom, the European Union and our principal ally, the United States… Part of our job is demonstrating to the people we serve that what happens in the world, matters to them. That when we co-operate to enhance security, contribute to alleviating poverty or commit to protecting the environment, when we support the agency of forums such as the G20, or APEC or invest in diplomatic partnerships like The Quad, none of this means setting our national interests or our people’s values aside, it means working to fulfil them. The United Nations is much more than an arena for the great powers to veto each other’s ambitions. This is a platform for middle powers and small nations to voice – and achieve – our aspirations. That is why Australia is seeking a place on the UN Security Council in 2029-30. And it is why we are bidding to co-host the 31st Conference of the Parties, with our Pacific family, nations for whom climate change is more than
decarbonise at the same time. And to continue lifting their people’s living standards while lowering their nation’s emissions… As the home of the world’s oldest continuous culture, we honour the knowledge and resilience of Indigenous people everywhere. And as a country strengthened and enriched by the hard work and aspiration of people drawn from every faith and tradition on earth, we stand against discrimination and prejudice, everywhere. As a people who believe that kindness is an act of courage, we want to see aid workers delivering food, water and medicine to conflict zones, protected. This week, Australia and our partners launched the Declaration for the Protection of Humanitarian Personnel. I thank the more than 100 nations that have already endorsed the declaration. And as a nation that knows security depends on sovereignty, Australia stands with the courageous people of Ukraine in their struggle against Russia’s illegal and immoral invasion. We share the resolve of every member of the ‘Coalition of the Willing’ to secure peace on Ukraine’s terms. Address to the United Nations General Assembly, 24 September 2025
14 // G20 SOUTH AFRICA: THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT 2025
// LEADERS' VIEWS
SIR KEIR STARMER, PRIME MINISTER, UNITED KINGDOM
Building a fairer, stronger Britain T he path of renewal… It’s long… It’s difficult… It requires decisions that are not cost-free or easy… Yet at the end of this hard road… There will be a new country… A fairer country… A land of dignity and respect… Everyone seen… Everyone valued… Wealth creation in every single community… Working people in control of their public services… The mindless bureaucracy… That chokes enterprise… Removed – so we can build and keep building… Clean British energy – powering our homes… Technology – harnessed to drive us forward… We do need to put our security first… We do need to unlock the potential of every community… We do need a more a muscular state… Freed – from the red tape that stops us building… Growing our economy from the grassroots… Renewing every town and city on these islands. It comes back to growth – so much of it comes back to economic growth. In fact – I’ll say it now, so there is no doubt. The defining mission of this government…
But from the grassroots…. I do think, in the long-run… Fixing our public finances… Investing in new infrastructure… Helping our public services off their knees… That will be better for growth. But equally important, because of your contribution… We’ve taken a huge step on the path of renewal… A firmer foundation to take our country forward. More security, more respect, more opportunity… A Britain built for all… Changing the way we create wealth… Reforming public services… Giving people more control over our future. Take our investment in defence… Undeniably good for growth… Vital for national security – and the whole of the continent… Impossible – without really tough decisions on aid… Now we should always say plainly – and with pride… That asylum for people… Genuinely fleeing persecution… Is the mark of a decent, compassionate country. But … secure borders
our times. Not with the ageing society. Not with climate change. And not with the global cost of borrowing as it is now. That’s why the fiscal rules are non-negotiable… Artificial intelligence is transforming healthcare… And with an older society… More people who have long-term conditions… We need to put patients in control of their health… Shift care slightly closer to their lives… Put technology in their hands, at their service. And that’s what we’re doing right across our NHS [National Health Service]… Care – no longer tied to doctors in your local area. Which means – you can see someone more quickly, at a time that suits you. But also – the system can deliver more, much more… Up to 8.5 million extra appointments. Imagine what that could do to waiting times? …Imagine no more… Because today I can announce… A completely digital NHS trust… A new chapter in the story of our NHS… Harnessing the future… Patients in control… Waiting times – cut… For every single person in this country… That’s national renewal… That’s a Britain built for all…. There are so many opportunities to make a difference. The energy of the future – we’re backing it… Those three trade deals we struck… With India… With the US… With our fellow Europeans… A signal to the world… That Britain is back… That stability has returned… Our support – iron clad and never wavering… For the brave people of Ukraine… The yellow and blue flag… Flying on churches and village halls… The length and breadth of this country… There are limits to what the state can do on its own. In the end, we really are all in it together. Address to the Labour Party Conference, 30 September 2025
are also vital for a decent, compassionate country. Controlling who comes here is an essential task of government. And there’s nothing compassionate or progressive in a vile trade… That loads people into
overcrowded boats… Puts them in grave danger in the Channel… And ultimately exploits human desperation and hope. So mark my words we will stop this… We will smash the gangs… We will crack down on illegal working… We will remove people with no right to be here… And we will secure Britain’s borders. And in a world as volatile as ours… It demands firm and fair decisions to control our debt. Because a Labour Party that cannot control spending… Is a Labour Party that cannot govern in
Is to grow the economy… Improve living standards…
And change the way we create wealth… An economy that grows, not just from the top…
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