Wasting Fresh Water: Stopping Systemic Failures

Every day 90 million m3 of water is lost globally due to treated water leakages

Protecting People Part 1; Wasting Fresh Water, Stopping Systemic Failures

Agenda

Introduction Simple Scenario Water Losses Leaks and Leak Detection

Different Thinking Life Cycle Costing Summary Q&A

Introduction

Every day 90 million m 3 of water is lost globally due to treated water leakages

Data Source; un.org/waterforlifedecade

Introduction

This equates to 36,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools of water loss each day - enough water to sustain 400 million people

Data Source; un.org/waterforlifedecade

Introduction  Water is a precious and scarce resource

…. but do we really consider it in this way?

 If we have water each and every time we demand it …. …. do we stop and think about all the water that never reaches us?

 Furthermore, 50% of heavily water-reliant global industries …. …. are located in geographical areas designated high water-stress risk – Climate change will only exacerbate these industry risks

Data Source; CDP 2019

Introduction; World Water Day; 22 March 2020

 The impact of climate change is felt throughout the water cycle  The increasing severity and frequency of droughts and floods – Has a detrimental effect on people’s livelihoods and well-being  Demand for water is set to increase by 55% by 2050 – By which time around 40% of the world’s population are projected to be living in water-stressed river basins.  Strong action on water must go hand in hand …. – …. with strong action on climate change.  Building a better water and climate future requires collective efforts – that go beyond specific policy communities or individual countries’ actions  We must join forces, now Statement from the Secretary-General of the OECD, Angel Gurría

Simple Scenario

Simple Scenario  Let’s consider filling your family car with fuel  If you use for example 100 Euros of fuel each and every week  If 30 Euros of that fuel spilled onto the highways – Due to a leak in your fuel tank  Would you just allow that to happen and do nothing ?? – If that continued for 52 weeks, then you have lost 1560 Euros of fuel  So of course …. the answer is “No!!”

 …. but this is what happens to our water supplies – Around 30% of water is treated and never makes it to the point of usage

Data Source; OECD 2016, IWA 2018

Simple scenario

Treated water leakages cost water utilities (and therefore consumers) an estimated $14 billion a year

Data Source; OECD 2016

Water Losses

A hidden problem?

Treated Water Leakage Rates; Major Cities

Data Source; OECD 2016

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

World class level

20%

10%

Water Leakage Rates vs GDP per Capita

Data Source; OECD 2016

70%

Tuxtla

60%

Edinburgh

San Luis Potosi

50%

Rome

Bologna

Chihuahua

Mexico City Naples

40%

Glasgow

World class level

Oslo

30%

Montreal

Grenoble Athens

Stockholm

20%

Prague

Malaga

Liverpool

Calgary

Acapulco

Budapest

Marseille

Milan

10%

Lisbon

Paris

Cologne

Amsterdam

NYC

Tokyo

Seoul

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

GDP expressed in USD per Capita

Plastic Pipework is not as Resilient as You Expect Material degradation shows visible results after around 15 years in service

Data Source; ISSF 2015

Joints in all Pipework Systems are Weak Points

90% of leaks occur at joints

Data Source; ISSF 2015

Working with Dissimilar Metals Encourages Leaks

Dissimilar metals in contact promote galvanic corrosion

Data Source; ISSF 2020

Water Losses; Summary  Currently we install water supply system based on designs that will fail – This is not as a result of any poor installation practices  We generally don’t select the best material choice for the pipework – We are largely guided by material acquisition costs  We bury pipework underground, so we hide the future failures – This creates challenges for leak detection and repairs  We frequently select material that …. – Creates micro-particulate contaminants in the pipework – Is porous to hydrocarbons like diesel oil  Whilst there are several reasons for water leakages …. …. joints in pipework systems are the overriding weak point

Leak Detection and Repair is Big Business  There are many devices that can detect leaks in pipework  There are many methods to repair leaking pipes

 …. but do we really believe this is the right way to operate? Leaks are inevitable …. or are they ?

 Consider a vascular surgeon ….

…. he has one opportunity to deliver a reliable fix

 If we select the most appropriate materials, we can minimize leaks …. or perhaps even eliminate them

Detecting Leaks is Important …. but  What is easier to manage? – 125 leaks per day or just 25 leaks per day?  125 leaks per day just forces firefighting as a mode of operation – Every day is chaotic and the pressure never goes away  Why would we choose to operate like this? – Business norms – Acceptability of the apparently inevitable – Short-termism …. contract culture – Traditional thinking – We never get to look up and look around …. because we’re just too busy  If we had a blank piece of paper …. what would we choose to do?

Eliminating Leaks If we want to eliminate leaks, we must have a different start point  What is the primary mode of failure today?  Can we eliminate or significantly reduce that mode of failure?  What is the most appropriate solution to deliver zero leaks?  What are the benefits of that solution?  What are the weaknesses of that solution?  Can we effectively minimize the weaknesses through …. – Material selection – Material processing – Easy to work with material

Eliminating Leaks; Thought Process Map

Can we eliminate / reduce the fittings?

At the fittings in the last meters of pipework

Identify where most leaks occur

Yes

Could we bend the pipes on-site by hand?

It depends on the material and pipe forming process

Yes

Develop bendable pipes

What is the best material for this type of pipe?

Hydroformed corrugated pipes can be bent by hand (even metals / alloys)

Stainless steel; strong, lightweight, corrosion resistant, multiple bending is possible

Leaks & Leak Detection; Summary  Leak detection and repair has become the norm  Almost one third of our treated water doesn’t make it …. …. to the point of usage – Global average for urban environments  This approach creates significant GHG emissions  If we can think differently, why do we choose not to?  It is important to note that leaks from metal and alloy pipework ….  …. are much easier to detect because they emit sound

Data Source; IWA 2020

Different Thinking; A water leakage solution that lasts more than 100 years

Different Thinking; Sustain our World with Stainless

 We have some lighthouse cities  Who have made the stainless switch – For their water supply systems  Tokyo, Japan  Seoul, South Korea  Taipei, Taiwan

 It’s all about fit and forget

Different Thinking; Why Choose Stainless  It is highly corrosion resistant and doesn’t impart metallic tastes – The corrosion resistant ‘passive film’ is self repairing if damaged  It doesn’t promote bacteria or residues in the pipework  It will last for at least 100 years without the need for replacement  Easy-to-bend part-corrugated pipes can be produced – Simplifies and speeds up the installation process  Installation programs can be phased over time – And the benefits are realized immediately  It will massively reduce maintenance costs  It can be fully and easily recycled at the end of life

Comparison of Water Losses

Data Source; ISSF 2020

Traditional Water Supply Systems

Stainless Steel Water Supply Systems

100

Property Usage into Sewers

Property Usage into Aquifers

Reservoir Treatment Trunk Supply

Last Metre Supply

Reservoir Treatment Trunk Supply

Last Metre Supply

Available Losses Usage

Reference City 1; Tokyo, Japan

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 % Stainless % Repairs % Leakages 70k repairs per annum 10k repairs per annum Data Source; ISSF 2015

Reference City 2; Seoul, South Korea

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

45k repairs per annum

10k repairs per annum

% Stainless % Repairs % Leakages

28 Data Source; ISSF 2015

Comparison; Tokyo and Seoul Feature Tokyo, Japan

Seoul, South Korea

Comments

Initial leakage rate Final leakage rate

15.4%

260m m 3 pa 33m m 3 pa

27.3%

502m m 3 pa 29m m 3 pa

2.1%

2.5%

Initial repairs per annum Final repairs per annum Stainless grade selected

70k 10k

45k 125 – 190 repairs per day

10k

25 repairs per day

316 (17Cr, 11Ni, 2Mo)

304 (18Cr, 9Ni) Soil chemistry difference

Financial savings

4,0bn USD over 34 years 4,7bn USD over 27 years Based on 1 USD per m 3

Water production per capita CO 2 Emissions Reduction

205 m 3 to 117 m 3

168 m 3 to 113 m 3

Annual rate

54k tons pa

110k tons pa Electricity reduction

Pipework

All stainless corrugated All stainless corrugated

Remaining fittings Residues in pipework

All stainless None evident

All stainless Vital to avoid leakages

None evident

Unlike plastic pipework

Timescale to 90% stainless

20 years

21 years

Additional Benefits

Proven resistance to seismic shocks (9 RS)

40% reduction in water treatment plants

29 Data Source; ISSF 2015

Accommodating Less Rainfall; The Taipei Experience Year Annual Rainfall Reservoir Storage Stainless Proportion

Network Leakages

Annual Water Supply

2002 2008 2014

1377mm 58% of capacity 1296mm 73% of capacity 1201mm 92% of capacity -176mm +34% of capacity

28.4% 8.8m m 3 23.2% 8.0m m 3 16.7% 7.0m m 3 -11.7% -1.8m m 3

19% 35%

Variances

• Prior to 2002 Taipei had disruptions to the city water supply each year • Water levels in reservoirs had become dangerously low • A targeted introduction of stainless supply lines resulted in; • A reduction in leakages

• An increased availability of water in reservoirs • A reduction in overall annual water supply

Data Source; Taipei Water Department 2015

Headline Guidance Numbers

Headline Indicator

Value

Comments

Installation Cost per 100k of Population

Around 80m USD Based on Tokyo and Seoul experiences

Break-Even (B/E) Installation Proportion

45% Proportion of stainless service pipework out of total service pipework

Typical Time to Deliver B/E Proportion Annual Saving for each 1% Stainless Proportion Above B/E Annual Saving at 90% Stainless Service Pipework

10 years

150m USD

6.8bn USD

The above data is for guidance only. Every city is a different in terms of; • Starting treated water losses • Starting water loss profile …. loss locations, loss types, repair capability • Available reservoir stocks and annual variations

Different Thinking; Summary  Stainless steels provide a compelling alternative – When compared traditional water pipework materials

 Three major cities have switched to stainless with stunning results – That comfortably accommodate seismic disruption and falling rainfall levels  Can we accept that 30% of our treated water never makes it …. – …. to the point of usage …. when water is such a scarce resource  The financial savings are compelling  The elimination of GHG emissions are equally compelling

 What is not to like about stainless steels?  Material cost??

Life Cycle Costing

Life Cycle Costing  Life cycle costing (LCC) supports sustainable thinking – It avoids the ongoing cost trap of “lowest cost bids win contracts” …. …. and maintenance is for someone else  LCC also allows us to really think long term – We can consider service lives of >100 years for some fundamental needs  Water supply systems  Infrastructure projects  Coastal structures to protect land – We can also consider materials that we may have previously discounted  Life cycle thinking positively supports GHG reduction – Around 9% of global GHG emissions results from road traffic – 1% of that 9% is due to standing traffic around infrastructure repair points

The Components of Life Cycle Costing  Material acquisition costs (Acq) – Cost of securing the materials / products for a specific project / installation – Includes delivery to the installation site  Installation costs (Inst) – Costs of installing the materials / products to provide an operational concept  Ongoing maintenance costs (Maint) – Ongoing costs of maintaining the installation to deliver an acceptable operation  Income from sales or end-of-life recycling (Inc) – Cash from sales associated with the concept or at the end of operational life  The first 3 elements really apply to water supply systems

Life Cycle Costing

Best available material for less Life Cycle Cost (Assumes 100- years service life) Stainless Steel $2,175

$3,340

Polyethylene

$3,690

PVC

Costs are per 4m installation (from main supply to the property)

Data Source; ISSF & The Ministry of the Environment, Republic of South Korea 2020

Life Cycle Costing (Based on 100 years)

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

0 500

Acq

Inst

Maint

Acq

Inst

Maint

Acq

Inst

Maint

Polyethylene

Stainless Steel

PVC

Data Source; ISSF & The Ministry of the Environment, Republic of South Korea 2020

Bypassing LCC Thinking  Some common reasons given include ….  “It’s hard to get all the comparative data” – It’s a little harder but once you have it you don’t have keep renewing it  “It’s difficult to understand” – Some people make it difficult to understand, but the concept is really easy  “My boss doesn’t believe in LCC” – Every day presents an opportunity to educate someone …. seize the day  “Our current solution works and we know what we are doing” – Good companies go bad, because their previous successes blind them – Do you want to be a follower or a market leader?  “My client is not demanding LCC”

LCC; Summary  We need to lose our myopia and think holistically  We need to ‘think LCC’ for all new projects and installations  ‘LCC thinking’ will …. – Dispel some urban myths – Show where the majority of the money goes …. from ‘cradle to grave’ – Provide information to make clear judgements and decisions

Overall Summary

 Water is a scarce and precious resource  Climate change is adversely impacting on our water cycle  We must act together to use water wisely  We need to move away from short term thinking – For our water supply systems  We must use a water delivery system that is reliable and resilient  We need to think differently and without myopia  We should ‘think stainless’

 >>100m USD per annum of financial savings should be compelling – Based on large city experiences

Closing Words “As we expected, Stainless Steel pipes have contributed to cleaner water quality and longer service life than other materials. Furthermore, the corrugated sections contributed to an improved workability and a decrease in leakage”

Kim Hyen Ton , Director of the Water Distribution Department, Seoul Water Works

Thank you for your attention. Any questions?

References Slides 3 & 4; http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/swm Slide 5; Melting Point Report, CDP Global, July 2019 Slide 6; World Water Day 2020 statement, OECD, Angel Gurria, March 2020 Slide 8; OECD, 2016 and IWA, 2018 Slide 9; OECD, 2016

Slides 11 & 12; OECD, 2016 Slides 13 & 14; ISSF, 2015

Slide 15; ISSF, 2020 Slide 22; IWA, 2020 Slide 26; ISSF, 2020 Slides 27, 28 & 29; ISSF, 2015 Slide 30; Taipei Water Department, 2015 Slides 36 & 37; ISSF and Ministry of the Environment, Republic of South Korea, 2020 Slide 41; Director of the Water Distribution Department, Seoul Water Works, Republic of South Korea, 2015

Appendices

Leakages; Water Pressure & Leak Hole Size

Water Pressure (bar)

Leak Hole Size (mm)

Loss in m 3 per day

Loss in m 3 per year

2 4 8 2 4 8 2 4 8 2 4 8

10.0 39.0

3650

14230 52580

10.0

144.0

7.0

2550 9490

26.0

6.0

101.0

36880

4.6

1650 6190

17.2 69.1

3.0

24870

2.5

900

10.0 38.8

3600

1.5

13968

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