Find all the relevant fuels statistics for the UK downtream sector in this publication. Drawing together Fuels Industry UK's own data with publicly available information, this report covers everything to do with fuels supply from environmental and safety performance to the delivery and pricing of fuels.
FUELS STATISTICS 2023
1
Fuels Statistics 2023
ABOUT US
Fuels Industry UK represents eight oil refining and marketing companies that operate the six major oil refineries in the UK and source over 85% of the transport fuels used. Fuels Industry UK members also own around 1,250 of the UK’s 8,000+ filling stations in the UK. Fuels Industry UK’s associate members are made up of a wide range of companies - from heating fuel supply and LNG imports, renewable and sustainable fuel producers, to terminals and pipelines - all providing a range of essential services across the industry.
Members
Associate members
Disclaimer : This report has been prepared by Fuels Industry UK by its own assessment and does not necessarily represent the combined views of its members, combined other otherwise. All data shown in tables and charts are Fuels Industry UK’s own data, except where otherwise stated and cited in footnotes and are copyright © of Fuels Industry UK. This report is the intellectual property of Fuels Industry UK and may not be published or distributed without prior written permission. The modelling and results presented here are based on information provided by third parties, upon which Fuels Industry UK has relied in producing its report and forecasts in good faith. Any subsequent revision or update of those data will affect the assessments and projections shown.
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Fuels Statistics 2023
CONTENTS
Foreword
4 6 8
Executive Summary
Russia
Net Zero
12 14 16
Economics
Refining Products
20 28 34 38 44 52 64 66
Renewable Fuels Health and Safety
Retail
Mobility
Environment
Glossary
Conversions
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Fuels Statistics 2023
FOREWORD
Elizabeth de Jong Chief Executive Officer, Fuels Industry UK
A s Chief Executive Officer, I am delighted to bring you our new Fuels Statistics publication, which is the only comprehensive collection of statistics covering the whole of the UK’s fuel supply sector. Fuels Statistics provides industry and policymakers with a one-stop-shop reference point for analysis of the latest data in the fuels supply sector. It highlights relevant information from greenhouse gas and other emissions, to the uptake of alternative energies for transportation like biofuels and electric vehicles, and essential performance measures across the sector. Since bringing our first members together in 1979, we have looked to adapt to the challenges of the day. Over the last five years alone, we have had Covid, lockdowns, working from home, rapid inflation, Just Stop
Oil protests and the invasion of Ukraine. As well as external factors affecting operations of the sector, we now need to address the move to net zero and the huge scale of change required to achieve this. Our ambition at fuels Industry UK is to help achieve the twin pillars of energy security and a low carbon future. We must do this in a way that benefits everyone: consumers as well as businesses both inside and outside the sector. To reflect the transition our sector is making, we have also recently renamed the association as Fuels Industry UK mirroring the nascent move away from fossil fuels to more sustainable fuels in our industry. To highlight the early transformation our sector is going through, our member companies are making substantial
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Fuels Statistics 2023
To highlight the early transformation our sector is going through, our member companies are making substantial investments in low carbon technologies as well as continuing to securely supply the fuels that still underpin our economic activity.
investments in low carbon technologies as well as continuing to securely supply the fuels that still underpin our economic activity. Fuels Statistics reflects this change, providing more information than ever on renewable transport fuels as well as the rollout of electric vehicle charging facilities. As well as new technologies, member companies are active in most of the industrial decarbonisation clusters across the UK, which represent a new way of working too. bp (East Cast Cluster in Teesside) and Essar (HyNet North West) have been successful in UK Government competitions and have projects on the Track-1 Project Negotiation List. Meanwhile, the Viking and ACORN clusters with involvement from other member companies have been listed
on the Track 2 cluster list. Other member companies in clusters across the UK are hot on their heels. This year’s report captures such cluster involvement and we will look to continue to reflect these important changes in the sector over the coming years. We in Fuels Industry UK welcome your questions and will endeavour to provide the best information on the sector. I trust you will find the Fuels Statistics 2023 publication a valuable resource.
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Fuels Statistics 2023
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A s with previous years, 2023 has come with its challenges - the repercussions from the war in Ukraine continued to reverberate for fuel suppliers but it has shown that even the most intractable of issues can be overcome through close cooperation between industry and governments. With the announcement of the ban on Russian oil imports to the UK by December 2022, UK importers took early action to phase out Russian oil, with Russian imports decreasing by 95% by the second half of 2022, with official sanctions banning Russian oils from the end of the year. Whilst the recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic has seen demand for oil products increase in the years since 2020, demand levels are yet to fully recover. In addition , 2022 has seen the conflict in Ukraine cause enormous complications in the UK and the global oil markets, which has had a significant impact on the UK fuels sector. Below, you will find some of the most significant year-on-year changes from such challenges in the fuels supply chain, explored further in this year’s fuels statistics report. Russia The conflict in Ukraine and the subsequent sanctions imposed on Russia by Western countries, where historically the UK and EU were heavily reliant on Russian imports, have caused a major shock in the international energy markets, rekindling the notion for nations to prioritise energy security and affordability. Sanctions imposed by the UK and the G7, such as the Russian import ban into G7 countries and a price cap on international Russian oil sales, aimed to limit the Russian government’s ability to fund the conflict in Ukraine, whilst also minimising global supply chain disruptions which would cause excessive commodity price rises. Recovery from Covid A combination of rising demand due to a faster-than-expected recovery from Covid-19, coupled with the disruptions in the global energy supply chains caused by the conflict in Ukraine, has induced significant pricing pressures on crude oil and oil products globally in 2022. This was acknowledged by the Competition Markets Authority in the recently published UK road fuel market study.
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Fuels Statistics 2023
Refining capacity Although the UK refining sector remains robust - currently possessing the 6th largest refining capacity in Europe - the ageing infrastructure and a decrease of refining capacity during the pandemic have continued the importance to the UK of imports of oil products in meeting the UK’s domestic demand. Despite the UK utilising its refining capacity at 91% in 2022, imported oil products accounted for 52% of the oil products delivered for UK domestic consumption. Duty + VAT A significant reduction in fuel duty of 5p per litre was introduced by the Treasury in March 2022 to ease financial pressures for consumers. Despite the tax cut, total government fuel tax receipts were at their highest ever and surpassed pre-pandemic levels due to the surge in VAT revenue of 28.5%, which resulted from higher fuel prices. Decarbonisation 2022 saw the continued effort of the UK fuel sector to reduce emissions through planned investments in low-carbon technologies such as Renewable fuels, Hydrogen, SAF, and CCUS. The inclusion of our members in Industrial Clusters across the UK greatly boosts the effectiveness and cost efficiencies of these technologies, from ExxonMobil in the Solent Cluster in the South to Petroineos in the Acorn Cluster in Scotland. Biofuel use, which on average has an overall greenhouse gas saving of 82% compared to fossil fuel counterparts, also saw continued uptake, led by the increasing targets outlined in the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation. China is currently the largest source of renewable fuel feedstock, accounting for 25% of the share, with much of the imports as used cooking oil. Used cooking oil overall accounts for 55% of all biofuel feedstocks used in the UK and is used to produce 93% of UK biodiesel.
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Fuels Statistics 2023
RUSSIA The effects of the Russian invasion on the downstream sector.
The majority of Russian crude imports were replaced with American crude in 2022 Unlike crude, the replacement of Russian oil products was sourced from a larger mix of countries In December 2022, G7 countries introduced a price cap of per barrel on international Russian crude oil sales $60
Russian imports decreased by 95% Diesel took longer to phase out following Russian crude by 2 months
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Fuels Statistics 2023
Russian Oil Imports as a % of Total Oil Imports, 2021 to Mar 2023 RUSSIAN OIL IMPORTS AS A % OF TOTAL OIL IMPORTS, 2021 TO MARCH 2023
% Share of imports
25%
20%
15%
10%
0% 5%
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 2022 2023 Source: DESNZ
With the announcement of the ban on Russian oil imports in March 2022, to be in place in December 2022, UK importers took early action to phase out Russian oil, with Russian imports decreasing by 95% from H1 2022 to H2 2022.
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Fuels Statistics 2023
UK imports of Russian oil by type in 2022
UK IMPORTS OF RUSSIAN OIL BY TYPE IN 2022
ktoe
0 200 400 600 800 1000
The pace of phasing out Russian imports was not equal across different oil products and crude, with Russian crude being replaced first followed by diesel, taking an extra 2 months to be phased out.
Crude and NGLs Feedstocks Aviation turbine fuel Changes in crude oil imports in 2022 compared to 2021 Diesel Gas oil
Source: DESNZ
CHANGES IN CRUDE OIL IMPORTS IN 2022 COMPARED TO 2021
2000 4000 6000 ktoe
The majority of Russian crude imports were replaced with American crude which is typically sweet and light (low sulphur and low density), favoured by western refinery compositions. Such refineries havelower sulphur recovery capacity and tolerance compared to American and Asian refineries.
-4000 -2000 0
Source: DESNZ
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Fuels Statistics 2023
Changes in oil product imports in 2022 compare to 2021
CHANGES IN OIL PRODUCT IMPORTS IN 2022 COMPARED TO 2021
1500 ktoe
Unlike crude, the replacement of Russian oil products was sourced from a larger mix of countries, notably India, Kuwait, Belgium, Saudi Arabia, and the US
500
-500
-1500
Updates made. Needs to be added to draft SR.
-2500
Crude oil benchmark price
-3500
Source: DESNZ
CRUDE OIL BENCHMARK PRICE
$/barrel
In December 2022, G7 countries introduced a price cap of $60 per barrel on international Russian crude oil sales. Although Urals have been significantly lower than other benchmarks since early 2022, this sanction further reduced the value of Urals since it was implemented.
100 120 140
0 20 40 60 80
Jan 2017
Sep 2017
May 2018
Jan 2019
Sep 2019
May 2020
Jan 2021
Sep 2021
May 2022
Jan 2023
Urals
WTI
Brent
Dubai Source: IMF, OPEC
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Fuels Statistics 2023
INFRASTRUCTURE UK FUELS SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE - REFINERIES, TERMINALS AND PIPELINES
Refi nery
Fuel terminals (multiple) Fuel terminals (single) Pipeline
The 6 major UK refineries have a combined capacity of 58 Mt/a as of 2022. There are additional infrastructure essential for the distribution of oil products around the country. These include a vast network of pipelines as well as approximately 60 terminals of which 20 are inland.
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Fuels Statistics 2023
UK INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS - FUELS SECTOR INVOLVEMENT Fuels Industry UK member companies are active in most of the industrial decarbonisation clusters across the UK as shown. Both bp (East Cast Cluster in Teesside) and Essar (HyNet North West) have been successful in UK Government competitions and have projects on the Track-1 Project Negotiation List.
Scotland – Petroineos, Shell ACORN CCUS Project
Teesside - bp Net Zero Teesside Project
Humber – Phillips 66, Prax, bp, Shell Humber Industrial Cluster Plan
North West - Essar HyNet North West
West Midlands
South Wales - Valero South Wales Industrial Cluster
Southampton – ExxonMobil Solent Cluster
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Fuels Statistics 2023
ECONOMICS
Financial performance of Fuels Industry UK members
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF FUELS INDUSTRY UK MEMBERS
£ Billion
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
A year after the Covid pandemic in 2021, gross sales increased 22% yoy but recovered to only 79% of pre-pandemic 2019 levels.
0 10
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Operating Costs
Tax and Duty
Gross Sales
Source: Fuels Industry UK
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Fuels Statistics 2023
Capital expenditure of Fuels Industry UK membe
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE OF FUELS INDUSTRY UK MEMBERS
£ Million
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
The capital expenditure of Fuels Industry UK members shows the cyclical nature of the downstream oil sector. 2021 figures represent 97% of the 10-year average for Capex but are down from the 2020 high.
0 100
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Source: Fuels Industry UK
Contribution to UK balance of payments
CONTRIBUTION TO UK BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 £ Billion Source: DESNZ
Despite a 49% increase yoy in total trade volumes, net exports decreased by 12.9% yoy in 2021. Due to low demand caused by Covid in 2020, many UK refiners brought offline some of their refining units to reduce costs. The long period required to bring a unit back online has left little spare capacity for the export market.
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Fuels Statistics 2023
REFINING
European refining marker margins
To be added to draft version
EUROPEAN REFINING MARKER MARGINS
$/barrel oil equivalent
Refining margins are largely dictated by global supply and demand and following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which saw increased volatility in global energy markets, the refining margins of major oil companies have significantly increased on average by 261% yoy in 2022. The average refining margin over the last ten years across these indicates is $8.53/barrel.
20 25 30
10 15
0 5
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 BP Total Energies Phillips 66 Shell Source: BP, Phillips 66, Total, Shell
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Fuels Statistics 2023
UK refining capacity utilisation
UK REFINING CAPACITY UTILISATION
Million toe
Utilisation rate
60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100%
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Crude processed in the UK continuously varies as refinery units are taken online and offline, due to factors such as refinery economics, product demand response and scheduled maintenance.
0 10
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 20192020 2021 2022 Crude Processed Utilisation Rate UK refining energy use
Source: DESNZ
UK REFINING ENERGY USE
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
Over the past 10 years, UK refiners have transitioned to using more natural gas, replacing refinery fuels that were used historically. NB Natural gas and refinery fuel use may be double counted as electricity as refiners use it to power their onsite power plants.
Electricity (GWh)
Natural Gas (GWh)
Refinery Fuel (ktonnes)
Source: DESNZ
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Fuels Statistics 2023
UK REFINED PRODUCTS OF CRUDE OIL UK refined products of crude oil
Million toe
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 10
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Petrol DERV Gas Oil Jet Fuel Fuel Oils Petroleum Gases Heating oil Other
Source: DESNZ
2022 has seen the UK refinery production of jet fuel increase by 90.3% yoy as air travel demand recovers following the travel restrictions imposed during the Covid-19 pandemic, the highest increase of any other oil product.
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Fuels Statistics 2023
UK refined products of crude oil in 2022
UK REFINED PRODUCTS OF CRUDE OIL IN 2022
Other 11%
Heating oil 4%
Petrol 28%
Petroleum Gases 9%
Fuel Oils 6%
Jet Fuel 6%
DERV 25%
Gas Oil 11%
Source: DESNZ
Refined products used for road transportation account for 73.3% of all oil products refined in the UK. Whereas additional imports of diesel are required to meet the UK demand, petrol is made in excess and exported.
19
Fuels Statistics 2023
PRODUCTS
Import-export of oil products, 2022
IMPORT-EXPORT OF OIL PRODUCTS, 2022
Million toe
10 15
In 2022, more than half of the petrol produced in the UK was exported (58%) while 81% of jet fuel and 53% of diesel delivered inland was from imports. The UK is heavily reliant on imports of jet fuel and diesel to meet its domestic demand.
0 5
-10 -5
Liquefied petroleum gas
Petrol
Aviation turbine fuel
Other kerosene
Diesel
Gas oil
Other products
Imports Exports Balance
Source: DESNZ
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Fuels Statistics 2023
Deliveries of oil products for UK inland consumption, 2022 DELIVERIES OF OIL PRODUCTS FOR UK INLAND CONSUMPTION, 2022
Million toe
Gas oil, 4.89
Petrol, 10.86
Butane and propane , 2.80
Burning oil, 2.95
ii iv
iii i
Bitumen, 1.56
Road diesel, 21.90
Jet fuel, 9.58
Source: DESNZ i, Naphtha LDF = 0.0521Mt ii, Lubricating oils= 0.278 Mt iii, Fuel oil = 0.313 Mt iv, Other petroleum gases = 0.666 Mt
Diesel accounts for 39% of all inland oil product deliveries, considerably more than petrol deliveries. 2022 also saw the return of jet fuel as the third most supplied oil product after Covid.
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Fuels Statistics 2023
UK inland oil product deliveries
UK INLAND OIL PRODUCT DELIVERIES
Million toe
20 24 28
12 16
0 4 8
2001
2005
2010
2015 Jet fuel Fuel oil
2020 2022
Petrol
Road diesel Bitumen
Burning oil Lubricating oils
Gas oil
Petroleum Gases Source: DESNZ
2022 Inland oil product deliveries increased by 13.8% since 2020, however, 2022 levels were only 87% of pre-pandemic 2019 levels, affected by factors such as uptake in EVs, behavioural changes, price volatility, and lower economic activity.
22
Fuels Statistics 2023
Destination of UK refinery oil products, 2022 DESTINATION OF UK REFINERY OIL PRODUCTS, 2022
Million toe
Exports, 21.08
Domestic Deliveries, 26.05
Refinery Use, 3.84
Source: DESNZ
Half of all UK refined product goes to the domestic market with just over 40% allocated for export to global product markets.
23
Fuels Statistics 2023
SOURCE LOCATION OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS, 2022
Total
USA
Norway Libya
Canada Nigeria Turkey
Russia
Other
Import origin Million toe
43.1
15.07 13.77
1.96 1.69 1.60
0.933
0.514 7.54
*Only countries with above 1% of the total share are indicated in the table.
Source: DESNZ
USA and Norway account for the majority of crude oil imports accounting for 35% and 32% respectively, due to the UK refiners’ preference for light and sweet crude.
24
Fuels Statistics 2023
SOURCE LOCATION OF OIL PRODUCT IMPORTS, 2022
Total
Nether lands
Belgium Saudi Arabia
Kuwait India Russia UAE
USA
Other
Import origin Million toe
29.2
5.09 3.82 2.32 2.10 2.03 2.00 1.99 1.87
7.95
*Only countries with above 5% of the total share are indicated in the table.
Source: DESNZ
Although Netherlands and Belgium are currently the largest sources of imports, this does not reflect the true origin as the product may be transported to hubs before being redistributed to its final markets. Almost all Russian products were replaced in the first 7 months of the year while markets adapted to and acted in advance of global bans.
25
Fuels Statistics 2023
EXPORT DESTINATIONS OF OIL PRODUCTS, 2022
Ireland USA Belgium France Canada Norway Spain Other Total
Nether lands
Export destination
Million toe
20.8
4.80 4.08
2.92 2.59
0.405 0.335
0.214
0.209 4.93
*Only countries with above 1% of the total share are indicated in the table.
Source: DESNZ
UK exports of oil products primarily go to western markets, with Ireland importing high volumes due to its location and relatively small refining capacity.
26
Fuels Statistics 2023
27
Fuels Statistics 2023
RENEWABLE FUELS
UK renewable fuel deliveries
UK RENEWABLE FUELS DELIVERIES
Million litres
1000 1500 2000
Biodiesel deliveries have seen a significant uptake since 2018, following increases in the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) levels, however the 2022 level of deliveries is only 86% of the peak in 2019 following lower overall fuel demand post-Covid.
0 500
Biodiesel ME
Bioethanol
Biomethanol
Biopropane
Source: DfT
28
Fuels Statistics 2023
Renewable fuel feedstock sources RENEWABLE FUEL FEEDSTOCK SOURCES
Million litres
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Source: DfT
Waste Derived
Non-Waste Derived
Recent government policy has favoured the use of waste feedstock as it is ‘double- counted’ (applicable for double the tickets required to meet RTFO obligations) under the RTFO, which is reflected by its higher uptake of feedstocks since 2015. There is also the crop cap to consider which limits the use of low-carbon fuels derived from crop-based feedstocks.
29
Fuels Statistics 2023
SOURCE LOCATION OF UK RENEWABLE FEEDSTOCKS, 2021
Ukraine France Malaysia Germany Spain Other Total
China USA UK
Source of feedstock
Million litres
2,553
644 306
250 186
122 103
89.9
76.9
785
*Only countries with above 3% of the total share are indicated.
Source: DfT
China accounts for the highest volume of UK renewable fuel feedstock at 25% of the total share, with the majority as used cooking oil.
30
Fuels Statistics 2023
Renewable fuels by type, 2021
RENEWABLE FUELS BY TYPE
Bio Petrol, 61.72
Biobutane, 0.11
Million litres
Avtur (renewable), 18.54
MTBE (renewable portion), 1.06 Off road biodiesel, 91.68 Pure bio oil, 2.64
Biodiesel ME, 1239.59
HVO, 63.05
Methanol (bio), 52.88
Biomethane (liquified), 56.27 Biopropane, 64.23 Diesel (origin Bio), 21.26
Bioethanol, 808.62
Biomethane (compressed), 56.60
Source: DfT
Since 2020, bioethanol has increased its renewable fuel market share following the introduction of the higher E10 petrol as the standard (premium) grade of petrol in the UK (NI was introduced in 2022). Biodiesel ME (also referred to as fatty acid methyl esters) and bioethanol made up 49% and 32% of the total share respectively in 2021, compared to 62% and 22% in 2020.
31
Fuels Statistics 2023
Renewable fuel feedstocks, 2021 RENEWABLE FUEL FEEDSTOCKS, 2021
Million litres
Starch slurry (waste) , 140.98
Corn, 421.55
Food waste, 104.20
v
vi
Organic municipal solid waste, 60.96 Other, 94.80
ii i iii
iv
Wheat, 97.89
Used cooking oil, 1,414.38
i, Tallow = 20 ML. ii, Sewage Sludge = 21 ML v, Sugar beet betaine residue = 48.1 ML vi, Waste pressings from production of vegetable oils = 51.3 ML iv, Sugar cane = 42.2 ML
iii, Palm oil = 40.8 ML
Source: DfT
Current renewable fuels are heavily reliant on used cooking oil feedstocks as these are not limited by the crop cap, and provide “double counting” benefits applied to waste feedstocks where each litre supplied generates 2 credits under the RTFO.
32
Fuels Statistics 2023
Renewable fuel content in UK fue
RENEWABLE FUELS CONTENT IN UK FUELS Double-counted biofuels contribute significantly to Percentage of total fuel volume
10% 12%
the UK Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation, with double- counted bioethanol and biodiesel making up 72% of the total biofuel used in 2021. UK suppliers largely met their 2021 obligations through blending and the carry-over of credits from 2019, and 2020 which are permitted under the relevant legislation.
0% 2% 4% 6% 8%
GHG savings from renewable fuels, 2021
2009/10 2011/12 2013/14 2015/16 2017/18 2019 2021 Bioethanol Biodiesel RTFO Target
Source: DfT
GHG SAVINGS FROM RENEWABLE FUELS, 2021 The use of renewable and biofuel in road GHG savings compared to fossil fuel equivalent
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
transportation significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions. GHG savings percentage is calculated by comparing the carbon intensity of the renewable fuel to the carbon intensity of the fossil equivalent if that had been used instead. For comparison, this table uses 83.8 gCO 2 /MJ for fossil fuels.
Source: DfT
33
Fuels Statistics 2023
HEALTH & SAFETY
Process Safety Indicators: Tier 1: LOPC Events of Greater Consequence Tier 2: LOPC Events of Lesser Consequence LOPC: Loss of Primary Containment
Updates made. Needs to be added to draft SR.
Process safety event rates
PROCESS SAFETY EVENT RATES
Events per million hours
1.2 1.4
In 2022, the rate of tier 1 and 2 safety event occurrences in refineries and terminals decreased by 38% and 6% respectively, from the prior year.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Tier 1 Tier 2 Source: Fuels Industry UK
34 ess Safety Indicators: er 1 LOPC Events of Greater Consequence er 2 LOPC Events of Lesser Consequence
Fuels Statistics 2023
Refinery process safety events
Updates made. Needs to be added to draft SR.
REFINERY SAFETY PROCESS EVENT RATES
Number of events
20 25
The number of tier 1 and 2 events that occurred in refineries in 2022 currently stands at roughly the 10-year average number of occurrences of 5.5 and 15.7 for tier 1 and tier 2 events respectively.
10 15
0 5
Updates made. Needs to be added to draft SR.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Tier 1 Tier 2 Source: Fuels Industry UK
Terminals process safety events
TERMINALS PROCESS SAFETY EVENTS
Number of events
0 1 2 3 4 5
Historically, the number of terminal process safety events compared to the number of events in refineries is considerably fewer. This remained true for 2022.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Tier 1 Tier 2 Source: Fuels Industry UK
35
Fuels Statistics 2023
Data or narrative to be updated
RIDDOR >7 Day injury rate
RIDDOR >7 DAY INJURY RATE
Injuries per 100k workers
200
Work-related injuries per 100k refinery contractors, that result in the employee being away from work for at least seven calendar day after the day of the injury, have seen an increase of 4.9% yoy in 2022.
150
100
50
Frequency of lost work injuries
0
Data or narrative to be updated
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Refinery Employees Marketing Employees
Refinery Contractors
Source: Fuels Industry UK
FREQUENCY OF LOST WORK INJURIES
LWI per million hours
15
The injury rates for all employment categories fell by 73% yoy in 2022. There has been a continuous decrease in injuries over the past 5 years.
10
5
0
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Refinery Employee Marketing Employee
Refinery Contractor
Marketing Contractor
Source: Fuels Industry UK
36
Fuels Statistics 2023
Refining injuries, by type
REFINING INJURIES, BY TYPE rrative to be updated
Reported injuries
10 12 14 16 18
0 2 4 6 8
2018 2022 Restricted Work Injuries Medical Treatment Cases Lost Work Injuries Source: Fuels Industry UK 2019 2020 2021
Refining injuries across all types decreased from the year prior in 2022, except for restricted work injuries which saw 2 cases in 2022 compared to 0 in 2021.
37
Fuels Statistics 2023
RETAIL
38
Fuels Statistics 2023
UK pre-tax fuel differential
UK PRE-TAX FUEL DIFFERENTIAL
UK road fuels duty and VAT receipts 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Crude Diesel Petrol £/L Source: DESNZ
Pre-rax diesel and petrol prices increased by 72% and 61% respectively yoy, while the price of crude increased by 59% in 2022. These high yoy changes occurred following the global energy crisis initiated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
UK ROAD FUELS DUTY AND VAT RECEIPTS
Billion £
Duty
VAT
Despite the fuel duty discount of 5p per litre (6.64% reduction) in March 2022, total tax receipts in 2022 were at their highest ever and surpassed pre- pandemic levels due to a surge in VAT revenue of 28.5% yoy, resulting from high product prices.
20 30 40 50
0 10
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 10-Yr Avg
Source: DESNZ
39
Fuels Statistics 2023
UK petrol price breakdown
UK PETROL PRICE BREAKDOWN
Pre-Tax
Duty
VAT
£/L
Petrol prices in 2022 were 30.7% higher than the 10-year average price, due to the global energy crisis.
1.5
1.0
0.5
UK diesel price breakdown 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 10-Yr Avg
0.0
Source: DESNZ
UK DIESEL PRICE BREAKDOWN
2.0 £/L
Pre-Tax Duty VAT
Diesel prices in 2022 increased more than petrol at 31.7% yoy compared to 25.3% yoy for petrol respectively. The UK is a net imported of diesel, while it exports surplus petrol, explaining the different impacts on price in the UK.
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 10-Yr Avg Source: DESNZ
40
Fuels Statistics 2023
International petrol price breakdown, Apr 2023
INTERNATIONAL PETROL PRICE BREAKDOWN, APRIL 2023
€ /L
Pre-Tax
Tax
2.0 2.5
UK pre-tax prices for petrol were among the lowest in Europe in April 2023 (the latest comparable data) although taxes meant that the UK was amongst the median of international prices at the pump. US consumers pay considerably less for their fuel due to low tax levels.
1.0 1.5
0.0 0.5
UK AT BE DK FR DE GR IE IT LU NL NO PL ES SE US
International diesel price breakdown, Apr 2023 Source: DESNZ, EIA, European Commission, Statistics Norway
INTERNATIONAL DIESEL PRICE BREAKDOWN, APRIL 2023
2.0 2.5 € /L
Pre-Tax
Tax
The UK pre-tax diesel price is similar compared to most of Europe however, the high tax on diesel has meant that the total price is almost double that in the US.
1.0 1.5
0.0 0.5
UK AT BE DK FR DE GR IE IT LU NL NO PL ES SE US Source: DESNZ, EIA, European Commission, Statistics Norway
41
Fuels Statistics 2023
Forecourt ownership shares
FORECOURT OWNERSHIP SHARES
Number of forecourts
Dealer
Company Hypermarket
The number of forecourts in the UK has seen a gradual decrease over the past 10 years, with 8,380 forecourts in 2022. Numbers were stable since last year, down by 6 forecourts from 2021.
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Average site throughput, by ownership
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Source: Experian Catalist
AVERAGE SITE THROUGHPUT, BY OWNERSHIP
Million litres
Dealer Company Hypermarket
20
Hypermarket sales currently dominate the sector with the average of all site throughput in 2022 increasing marginally by 0.28% to 18 million litres.
15
10
5
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 202210-Yr Avg Source: Experian Catalist
42
Fuels Statistics 2023
43
Fuels Statistics 2023
MOBILITY
44
Fuels Statistics 2023
Great Britain road traffic by vehicle ty
Narrative to be reviewed
GREAT BRITAIN ROAD TRAFFIC BY VEHICLE TYPE
Billion miles
200 250 300 350 400
Total road traffic in GB in 2022 did not recover to pre-pandemic levels and is currently at 97% of 2019 levels. This is largely led by cars where the pandemic saw fundamental travel behavioural changes and the decrease in commuting due to the introduction of ‘work from home’.
100 150
0 50
2002 2022 Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Goods Vehicles Other 2007 Great Britain vehicle parc, by type 2012 2017
Source: DfT
GREAT BRITAIN VEHICLE PARC, BY TYPE
Million
40
The number of vehicles in GB has seen a general increase over the past 20 years, with Covid seemingly having little impact on overall trend. Cars remain the largest part of the vehicle parc with 82% in 2022.
30
20
10
0
2002 2022 Cars Motorcycles Light Goods Vehicles Heavy Goods Vehicles Other 2007 2012 2017
Source: DfT / DVLA
45
Fuels Statistics 2023
Great Britain car parc by propuls
GREAT BRITAIN CAR PARC BY PROPULSION
Million
20 25 30 35
Hybrid and battery EV vehicles in GB increased significantly in 2022 by 34% and 66% respectively however, the total market share of these vehicles is low, currently at 5.1% and 1.9% respectively.
10 15
0 5
2002 Great Britain car parc, "Other" propulsion 2007 2012 2017 2022
Petrol-only
Diesel-only
Hybrid Other
Source: DfT
GREAT BRITAIN CAR PARC, “OTHER” PROPULSION
Thousands
Hybrid Electric vehicles currently dominate the “Other” propulsion category (although they remain only 3.9% of all vehicles).
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
2002 2022 Hybrid Electric Plug-in/Range-Extended Hybrid Battery-only Gas Other 2007 2012 2017
Source: DfT
46
Fuels Statistics 2023
UK new car registration by propulsion
UK NEW CAR REGISTRATION BY PROPULSION
Thousands
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
New car registration numbers in the UK in 2022 dropped to 61% of the value of the peak 2016 level. “Other” indicates the figures for battery-only, fuel-cell, and gas cars which represent 16%, 0.0%, and 0.2% of the total car share respectively.
UK new car registration, "Other" propulsion
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Petrol-only Diesel-only Hybrid Other
Source: DfT
UK NEW CAR REGISTRATION, “OTHER” PROPULSION
Thousands
800
New Hybrids and Battery EVs car registration increased by 25% and 40% yoy in 2022 respectively however, they remain at a relatively low share at 20% and 16% respectively.
600
400
200
0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Hybrid Electric Plug-in/Range-extended Hybrid Battery-only Other
Source: DfT
47
Fuels Statistics 2023
UK EV charging devices, by type UK EV CHARGING DEVICES, BY TYPE
Number of devices
10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000
0 5,000
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
2022
Source: ZapMap
Slow Fast Rapid Ultra Rapid
EV charging infrastructure continues to be deployed at increasing speeds to accommodate the eventual mass adoption of EVs, overall increasing by 31% in 2022 yoy with Ultra Rapid chargers increasing in most by 75% yoy.
48
Fuels Statistics 2023
Public connector number in 2022 PUBLIC CONNECTOR NUMBER IN 2022
Other, 4,670, 8%
Leisure centre, 1,193, 2%
Dealership forecourt, 1629, 3% Educational establishment, 1272, 2%
Number of connectors
Attraction, 2681, 4%
On-street, 16157, 26%
Workplace car park, 2730, 4%
Public car park, 11926, 19%
Service Station, 3616, 6%
Retail car park, 10427, 17%
Hotel / Accommodation, 5452, 9%
Source: Zap Map
Of the public chargers in the UK, the total number of on-street connectors increased the most by 38% yoy in 2022.
49
Fuels Statistics 2023
UK FUEL FORECOURT UTILISATION UK fuel forecourt utilisation
Total sites
Vehicle per site
8000 8100 8200 8300 8400 8500 8600 8700 8800 8900
3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total Number of Forecourt Sites Vehicles per site
Source: DfT
Vehicle throughput per site saw a marginal decrease of 0.2% in 2020 due to Covid but has since increased by 1.1% yoy in both 2021 and 2022.
50
Fuels Statistics 2023
51
Fuels Statistics 2023
RENETVAIRILONMENT
52
Fuels Statistics 2023
GHG emissions and commitments
GHG EMISSIONS AND COMMITMENTS
MtCO ₂ e
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Total greenhouse gas emissions increased by 4.98% to 427 MtCO 2 e in 2021 yoy due to a partial recovery in economic activity, compared to a reduction in GHG emissions of 44 MtCO 2 e (9.8%) in 2020.
Kyoto 1
Kyoto 2
Carbon Budget 1
Carbon Budget 2
Carbon Budget 3 Paris agreement NDC Carbon Budget 4 Carbon Budget 5
Carbon Budget 6
0 100
Net Zero UK GHG emissions, by source
2001 2006 2011 2016 20212025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Net CO2 emissions GHG Basket Source: DESNZ, EC, CCC
UK GHG EMISSIONS, BY SOURCE
MtCO ₂ e
100 150 200 250
The rate of GHG reduction by the transportation sector lagged behind that of energy, due to the more expensive and complex pathway for the transportation sector to decarbonise. Overall UK GHG emissions across all sectors increased by 5.0%.
0 50
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
Energy
Transport
Business
Residential
Other
Source: DESNZ
53
Fuels Statistics 2023
UK carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
UK CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2 ) EMISSIONS
MtCO ₂ e
200 300 400 500 600
CO 2 emissions increased by 6.59% to 340 MtCO 2 e in 2021 following an 11% drop in emissions to 319 MtCO 2 e in 2020 due to the pandemic.
0 100
2006 Refinery CO2 emissions 2011 2016 Energy Transport Business Residential Other
2001
2021
Narrative to be reviewed
Source: DESNZ
REFINERY CO 2 EMISSIONS
MtCO ₂ e
10 12
Following a significant decrease in refinery CO 2 emission of 12.9% and 2.84% in 2020 and 2021 respectively, the recovery from Covid had seen an 11.36% increase in 2022, much of this increase attributed to large combustion plants.
0 2 4 6 8
2002
2007
2012
2017
2022
Large Combustion Plants
Process Units
Source: Fuels Industry UK, NAEI
54
Fuels Statistics 2023
Transport CO2 emissions
TRANSPORT CO 2 EMISSIONS
MtCO ₂ e
100 120 140 160
In 2021, road transportation emitted 91.5% of the total CO 2 emissions by the sector, equating to 99 MtCO 2 e. This is equivalent to 29% of all UK CO 2 emissions in 2021.
0 20 40 60 80
2001
2006 2021 Road Shipping Aviation Railways Other mobile 2011 2016 UK methane (CH4) emissions Source: DESNZ
UK METHANE (CH 4 ) EMISSIONS
MtCO ₂ e
100 120 140
UK methane emissions have decreased significantly since 2001 by 52%, largely attributed to the reduction achieved by the waste management sector. 2021 UK methane emissions were at 57 MtCO 2 e, a 1% reduction from 2020 levels.
0 20 40 60 80
2001 2021 Waste management Agriculture Energy LULUCF Other 2006 2011 2016
Source: DESNZ
55
Fuels Statistics 2023
Average days of air pollution exceeding "Low" urban areas
AVERAGE DAYS OF AIR POLUTION EXCEEDING “LOW”, URBAN AREAS
Days
20
2022 continues the trend of no days where SO 2 and NO x pollutants in urban areas exceeded “Low”. However, there were increases in all pollutants with the highest increase from O 3 and particulates.
15
10
5
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 General pollution PM10 PM2.5 NO2 SO2 O3 Source: DEFRA Average days of air pollution exceeding " rural areas
AVERAGE DAYS OF AIR POLUTION EXCEEDING “LOW”, RURAL AREAS
Days
30
Rural areas in 2022 experienced more days where general air pollution exceeded “Low” with 21.6 days, compared to urban areas with 8.6 days.
20
10
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 General pollution PM10 PM2.5 NO2 SO2 O3 Source: DEFRA
56
Fuels Statistics 2023
UK nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions
UK NITROGEN OXIDE (NO X ) EMISSIONS
MtCO ₂ e
The rate of NO x emissions reduction over the past 20 years has been relatively slow having only decreased by 25.1% over this period. 2021 levels stand at 19 MtCO 2 e with 71% from the agriculture sector.
20 25 30
10 15
0 5
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
Energy Business Transport Agriculture Other Refinery NOx emissions
Narrative to be reviewed
Source: DESNZ
REFINERY NO X EMISSIONS
16 ktCO ₂ e
Although refinery NO x emissions have increased by 4.9% yoy in 2022, emissions did not reach 2019 levels following an overall decline of 14.3% in 2020.
12
8
4
0
2002
2007
2012
2017
2022
Large Combustion Plants
Process Units
Source: Fuels Industry UK, NAEI
57
Fuels Statistics 2023
Transport NOx emissions
TRANSPORT NO X EMISSIONS
MtCO ₂ e
Post-pandemic, total NO x emissions have increased by 8.3% yoy to 0.96 MtCO 2 e in 2021, back to the levels seen in 2013/14
1.2 1.4 1.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
Aviation Road Shipping Railway Other UK sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions Source: DESNZ
UK SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO 2 ) EMISSIONS
ktCO ₂ e
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
SO 2 emissions have decreased significantly by 92.3% in the past 20 years, particularly driven by the transition in the energy sector.
2001 2021 Energy Transport Manufacturing and construction Waste 2006 2011 2016
Source: DEFRA
58
Fuels Statistics 2023
Refinery SO2 emissions
Narrative to be reviewed
REFINERY SO 2 EMISSIONS
ktCO ₂ e
20 30 40 50
Refinery SO 2 emissions have seen a general downward trajectory since the late 2000s, however emissions from large combustion units have levelled off and decreased at a slower rate than process units.
0 10
Data or narrative to be updated
2002 Transport SO2 emissions 2007 2012 2017 Large Combustion Plants Process Units
2022
Source: Fuels Industry UK, NAEI
TRANSPORT SO 2 EMISSIONS
ktCO ₂ e
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
2020 saw a drastic drop of 60.1% yoy in transport SO2 emissions due to the pandemic, with aviation and shipping accounting for 98% of all SO 2 transport emissions.
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Shipping Road Aviation Railway Other
Source: NAEI
59
Fuels Statistics 2023
Data or narrative to be updated
UK benzene (C6H6) emissions
UK BENZENE (C 6 H 6 ) EMISSIONS
ktCO ₂ e
Transport Benzene emissions saw the biggest drop compared to other sectors at 17.9% yoy in 2020, compared to energy and waste, which saw a drop of 3.2% and 1% respectively.
20 25
10 15
Transport benzene (C6H6) emissions
0 5
Data or narrative to be updated
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Energy Transport Waste Industrial
Source: NAEI
TRANSPORT BENZENE (C 6 H 6 ) EMISSIONS
ktCO ₂ e
Transport benzene emissions saw the biggest decline in 2020 from the aviation and rail sector at 63% and 48% yoy respectively. Road emissions saw a relatively smaller decrease in 2020 of 30.1% yoy.
10 12 14
0 2 4 6 8
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Road Shipping Other
Source: NAEI
60
Fuels Statistics 2023
UK NON-METHANE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (NMVOC) EMISSIONS UK non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions
ktCO ₂ e
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
The significant decrease of 51.4% in non-methane volatile organic compound emissions over the past 20 years is primarily attributed to the reductions from transport and fugitive emissions, however, emissions derived from industrial processes remain the highest at 452 MtCO 2 e and forming 58% of the total.
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
Agriculture Transport
Manufacturing Industries and Construction
Data or narrative to be updated
Fugitive Emissions
Industrial Processes
Source: DEFRA Petroleum NMVOC emissions
PETROLEUM NMVOC EMISSIONS
ktCO ₂ e
2020 saw an accelerated decline of 22% yoy in petroleum NMVOC emissions for both distribution and refineries compared to the decline in 2019 of 12% yoy.
20 30 40 50
0 10
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Distribution
Refineries
Source: Fuels Industry UK
61
Fuels Statistics 2023
Transport NMVOC emissions
Data or narrative to be updated
TRANSPORT NMVOC EMISSIONS
ktCO ₂ e
200 300 400 500
2020 transport NMVOC emissions saw a sectorial decline trend similar to that for transport SO 2 emissions. Aviation and rail NMVOC emissions declined the most at 63% and 45% respectively, followed by road with a 21% decline yoy.
0 100
UK particulate matter (PM10) emissions
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Road Shipping Aviation Other
Source: NAEI
UK PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10 ) EMISSIONS
ktCO ₂ e
100 150 200 250
The overall decrease in PM 10 over the past 20 years is largely attributed to energy, industry, and transport, although following the 2020 pandemic year, overall emissions increase 8% to 144 MtCO 2 e in 2021.
0 50
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
Energy Transport Industrial Agriculture Waste
Source: DEFRA
62
Fuels Statistics 2023
Narrative to be reviewed
Refinery PM10 emissions
REFINERY PM 10 EMISSIONS
ktCO ₂ e
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Overall refining particulate matter emissions have decreased significantly by 27% yoy in 2022, which was disproportionately due to the decrease in process unit PM 10 emissions.
2007 Transport PM10 emissions 2012 2017 2022
2002
Data or narrative to be updated
Large Combustion Plants
Process Units
Source: Fuels Industry UK, NAEI
TRANSPORT PM 10 EMISSIONS
ktCO ₂ e
20 30 40 50 60 70
2020 aviation emissions decreased the most by 61% yoy compared to the rail sector decrease of 27% and road with a decrease of 21% yoy.
0 10
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Road Shipping Aviation Railway Other
Source: DEFRA
63
Fuels Statistics 2023
GLOSSARY
“battery-only”
car propelled by battery power alone Department for Energy Security and Net Zero
GHG
Greenhouse Gas
HMRC
Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil car propelled by some combination of an internal combustion engine and an electric motor Large Combustion Plant
DESNZ
HVO
CCC
Climate Change Committee
Hybrid
Methane Benzene
CH 4 C 6 H 6 CO CO 2
LCP LWI NAEI
Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide
Lost Work Injury
National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory Nationally Determined Contribution Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound
DEFRA
Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs Department for Transport car propelled by diesel fuel alone
NDC
DfT
NMVOC
“diesel-only”
Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen Oxide
NO 2 NO x ONS
DSO DVLA
Downstream Oil Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Office for National Statistics
Ozone
O 3
E10
A petrol blend with a maximum ethanol content of 10% by oxygen content of 3.7% by mass
“petrol-only”
car propelled by petrol fuel alone Particulate Matter (2.5 µm or less in diameter) Particulate Matter (10 µm or less in diameter)
PM 2.5
EV
Electric Vehicle
FAME GDP
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Gross Domestic Product
PM 10
64
Fuels Statistics 2023
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