2019-2020 Let's Talk Trash News

Let’s Talk Trash! news

Thank You to our PREMIER Sponsors! Sponsored in part by the TDOT Litter Grant & The Cheatham County Sheriff’s Office • September / October 2019 Back to School!

The Iris Tennessee Cheatham Museum of Litter Art Project is BACK!!! See Inside for full details! Raise money for your schools!!!

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Full unabridged version on pages 12-14

Thank You to our Media Sponsors!

Thank You to our Page Sponsors!

aaron@usstn.com Project Manager AARON WOLFE c: (615) 982-2998

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT / OCT 2019

Iris Tennes ee Cheatham

April 2020

MUSEUM OF LITTER AND PUBLIC AUCTION RAISING THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS FOR SCHOOLS!

Let’s Talk Trash!

Photos from the April 2014 Museum of Litter

BE READY TO CREATE YOUR MUSEUM QUALITY IRIS TENNESSEE CHEATHAM SCULPTURE... Glue, nail, or wrap your “litter” items onto the structure. Think of texture when you are planning your masterpiece. You can build all around your structure to create a 3-D effect! The sky is the limit! Once your sculpture is transformed with litter, you can paint, shellac or cover in any form to colorize it. Be safe, have fun and let’s see some gorgeous Iris Tennessee Masterpieces!!!! In addition to being part of a public auction to help raise money for your school, there will also be Award Certificates f or the following categories:

What will start out with sixteen (16) 5 foot x 3 foot iris shaped wooden structures for each school will be built by the tech ed class at Sycamore High School under the teacher direction of John Staggs. They will be turned into a spectacular Museum of Litter public exhibition and live auction in April that will raise thousands of dollars shared by all schools and participating educational organizations in Cheatham County. Estimated delivery to your school will be mid December complete with instructions. The November/December issue of Let’s Talk Trash News will have full instructions and details as well.

4 Best of Show

4 Most Beautiful 4 Most Creative 4 Best Use of Litter

4 Most Colorful 4 All entries will receive an Honorable Mention!

Who is?

It is well known in Cheatham County, Tennessee, that A. O. Smith purchased State Industries (State Stove) which was one of the largest water heater manufacturing companies in the US. Did you know that A.O. Smith is more than a water heater manufacturing company? A. O. Smith has been in operation for over 140 years having started in 1874 by Charles Jeremiah Smith. He made hardware parts for baby carriages and bicycles, and so much more!

Remember the original founder of A.O. Smith that was featured in last year’s Sept issue of Let’s Talk Trash news, Charles Jeremiah Smith? He was a skilled tradesman! “At 16 years of age, Smith became an indentured apprentice to Maudslay Sons and Field of London where his five year apprenticeship exposed him to some of the most advanced marine machine manufacturing thinking of the time.

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT / OCT 2019

PUBLISHER / EDITOR Debbie Keenan The Keenan Group, Inc. P.O. Box 458 / Pleasant View, TN 37146 615-746-2443 debbiekeenan2010@gmail.com ARTISTIC DIRECTOR Heather K. Wolfe heather@wolfecreativearts.com The Keenan Group, Inc. P.O. Box 458 / Pleasant View, TN 37146 615-746-2443

From the desk of Dr. Cathy Beck, Director of CC Schools

Dear Students, We are delighted to have you back for what promises to be a magical year! We have been working all summer preparing for you in hopes that we do everything in our power to make it the best year ever! Fall is one of our favorite times of the year. Here are some fun facts about fall for your reading pleasure: FACT #1: Americans typically refer to this time of year as “fall,” while the British use the word “autumn.” Both terms date back to the 16th century but before that it was called “harvest. FACT #2: Fall was called “harvest” because of the “harvest moon” that occurs when the full moon is closest to the autumn equinox. Before man-made lighting, this moonlight was essential to a prosperous harvest. FACT #3: Weight gain around this time of year may not only be due to comforting fall foods like pumpkin pie and cider, researchers have found that lack of vitamin D reduces fat breakdown and triggers fat storage. FACT #4: According to The Weather Channel, pumpkins are the most craved food during the fall. Although, if you’ve left the house anytime recently, this may not come as a surprise to you. FACT #5: The yellow and orange colors you see actually always exist in leaves but they are overpowered by the abundance of green from chlorophyll. The amount of chlorophyll starts to decrease as the sun weakens and the days grow shorter. FACT #6: Red and purple leaves are only that color because of the presence of sugars and sap that are trapped within the leaves. These sugars provide plants with the energy they need to survive. FACT #7: Many birds will prepare for their winter migration during the fall. The distance they can travel is impressive; the Arctic Tern travels 11,000 miles each way for it’s annual migration. That’s no small feat. FACT #8: Evergreen trees such as pines, cedars, and spruces stay green because their leaves (needles) are covered with thick wax and they contain materials that prevent freezing when it gets cold. (https://www.taskeasy.com/blog/2015/09/23/10-fun-facts-about-fall/) Couple these fun facts with football, cool weather, blue skies, low humidity, brightly colored leaves and Fall festivals and you can see why we love this season! Have a fabulous year and welcome back! Welcome Back to School! Every year Let’s Talk Trash!-news delivers goodies to your teacher with the first issue of the year: litter bags, pencils, bookmark/rulers, etc. Let’s Talk Trash news is full of great information and fun activities, check out the full unabridged CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES for middle school students who study Constitution Day on September 17th. INSIDE: Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt & National Parks The American Black Bear Adventure Awaits: stories of adventure for all ages Welcome back to the 2019/2020 school year!

©2018 by Let’s Talk Trash News! All rights reserved. No part of this issue may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form without permission of the publisher or copyright holder. Neither participating advertisers nor the publishers will be responsible or liable for misinformation, misprints or typographical errors. The publisher reserves the right to edit any submitted material. Children’s submissions should include name, address telephone number, and permission to publish signed by a parent or guardian. Let’s Talk Trash-News! is distributed FREE to Cheatham County schools K-8th grade with additional bundle drops at each County High School. You can also find this issue at Sponsor locations as well as: Ren Mar Center, Centre 41 / Pleasant View, HG Hill Store, Chamber of Commerce, CC School Board office, Cheatham County Libraries, Post Offices, Pleasant View and Kingston Springs

Thank You to Our Sponsors!

aaron@usstn.com c: (615) 982-2998 w: (615) 227-2275 f: (615) 746-5211 Project Manager AARON WOLFE

Sports: Climbing & Hiking, plus... THE IRIS... through the masters Kids Across / Teachers Down Crossword puzzle Hidden Picture Puzzles

the EXCHANGE

.... AND SO MUCH MORE.........!!!!

LITTER BAGS PENCILS BOOKMARK / RULER

Our Calendar Partners

Iris Tennessee Cheatham is not just another pretty project! Recognizing the value of educational possibilities with this art project, Let’s Talk Trash News, through a County grant from T.D.O.T. to support the state-wide Nobody Trashes Tennessee anti litter program, will bring a continuing awareness of the negative impact litter has on our environment, community, agriculture, and animals. In addition to litter awareness, Let’s Talk Trash News supports the arts in our schools and has developed this school-wide art project to raise funds for much needed materials within each school with the support of The Cheatham County Sheriff’s office and local businesses. Each month Let’s Talk Trash News has and will continue to discuss Litter and its impact on our community.

AT HOME REALTY REGENTS MEDICAL CENTER BISON COUNTERTOPS MSI CONSTRUCTION DENNEY MECHANICAL CHAMBER OF COMMERECE

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT / OCT 2019

2019

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Become a Calendar Partner of Let’s Talk Trash news! for only $50 per 3” x 2” spot per issue. Help Support Litter Education in Cheatham County!

M isty M. K eenan , Executive Director Ph: 615-792-6722 info@cheathamchamber.org www.cheathamchamber.org 238 Frey Street • Ashland City, Tennessee 37015

CHEATHAM COUNTY FINE ARTISTS AGES 16 Yrs & OVER CALL FOR ENTRIES! 2019 1st Annual Fine Art Show Juried Art Exhibition - Sept 27th & 28th Sycamore Square Government Offices on Frey Street in Ashland City DEADLINE FOR ENTRY SEPT 10TH

Contact for Entry: DEBBIE KEENAN 615-746-2443 debbiekeenan2010@gmail.com TI ROGERS tirogers99@gmail.com

Artleagueofcheathamcounty@gmail.com Mail: Art League of Cheatham County P.O. Box 458 / Pleasant View, TN 37146

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT / OCT 2019

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Granite • Marble • Quartz M AGGIE E EDEN 615-974-9166 Fax: 615-246-0533 Email: info@bisoncountertops.com www.bisoncountertops.com

Amanda L Bell - TN lic#287001 At Home Realty TN lic#260174 124 N Main St •Ashland City TN 37015 615-406-9988 cell • 615-792-6100 office www.amandabellsells.com

Pride in Quality

Become a Calendar Partner of Let’s Talk Trash news! for only $50 per 3” x 2” spot per issue. Help Support Litter Education in Cheatham County!

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT / OCT 2019

suf·frage (noun) the right to vote in political elections. rat·i·fi·ca·tion (noun) the action of signing

or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid.

On May 21, 1919

U.S. Representative James R. Mann, a Republican from Illinois and chairman of the Suffrage Committee, proposed the House resolution to approve the Susan Anthony Amendment granting women the right to vote. The measure passed the House 304 to 89—a full 42 votes above the required two-thirds majority. Two weeks later, on June 4, 1919, the U.S. Senate passed the 19th Amendment by two votes over its two-thirds required majority, 56-25. The amendment was then sent to the states for ratification. Within six days of the ratification cycle, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin each ratified the amendment. Kansas, New York and Ohio followed on June 16, 1919. By March of the following year, a total of 35 states had approved the amendment, one state shy of the two-thirds required for ratification. Southern states were adamantly opposed to the amendment, however, and seven of them—Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, South Carolina and Virginia—had already rejected it before Tennessee’s vote on August 18, 1920.

Carrie Chapman Catt, (1859-1947) American feminist leader who led the women’s rights movement for more than 25 years, culminating in the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment (for woman suffrage) to the U.S. Constitution in 1920 . https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carrie-Chapman-Catt/me- dia/1/100047/9246 Mrs. Burn reportedly wrote to her son: “Don’t forget to be a good boy and help Mrs. Catt put the ‘rat’ in ratification.” With Burn’s vote, the 19th Amendment was fully ratified. On August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment was certified by U.S. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby, and women finally achieved the long-sought right to vote throughout the United States.

Harry T. Burn

Tennessee

It was up to

to tip the

scale for woman’s suffrage. The outlook appeared bleak, given the outcomes in other Southern states and given the position of Tennessee’s state legislators in their 48-48 tie. The state’s decision came down to 23-year-old Repre- sentative Harry T. Burn, a Republican from McMinn County, to cast the deciding vote. Although Burn opposed the amendment, his mother convinced him to approve it. “In his pocket he carried a letter from his widowed mother urging him to vote for ratification”

https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/19th-amendment-1. https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/woman-suffrage-movement/

Foundation Repair Experts Brick cracking, walls bowingorwindows anddoors sticking? Your homemay be trying to tell you something. Nashville foundation repair experts, USS , canhelp youfinda solution for your home’s structural repair needs.

Project Manager AARON WOLFE (615) 227-2275

aaron@usstn.com c: (615) 982-2998 w: (615) 227-2275 f: (615) 746-5211

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT / OCT 2019

de•cid•u•ous In botany and horticulture, deciduous plants, including trees and shrubs that lose all of their leaves for part of the year. This process is called abscission. In some cases leaf loss coincides with winter—namely in temperate or polar climates. What exactly is chlorophyll? chlo•ro•phyll It is a Green substance in producers that traps light energy from the sun, which is then used to combine carbon dioxide and water into sugars in the process of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis, which helps plants get energy from light. What is Photosynthesis? The word photosynthesis can be separated to make two smaller words: “photo” which means light “synthesis” which means putting together Plants need food but they do not have to wait on people or animals to provide for them. Most plants are able to make their own food whenever they need it. This is done using light and the process is called

http://www.learningtreasures.com/fall_counting.htm

The more red in the leaf, the more sugar that leaf is storing. That is why Maple trees are so vibrant. Evergreens dont change because their leaves have a thick wax covering that protects the chlorophyl (green) in the leaves. Fall colors are caused by the amount of sugar in leaves.

photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food.

Source: https://photosynthesiseducation.com/photosynthesis-for-kids/

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT / OCT 2019

The Conservationist President Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt is often considered the " Conservationist President ."... A sportsman-hunter all his life, Roosevelt sought a chance to hunt the big game of North America before they disappeared. Although his writings depict numerous hunting trips and successful kills, they are laced with lament for the loss of species and habitat. The decimation of bison, and the eradication of elk, bighorn sheep, deer and other game species was a loss which Roosevelt felt indicative of society's perception of our natural resources. He saw the effects of overgrazing, and suffered the loss of his ranches because of it. While many still considered natural resources inexhaustible, Roosevelt would write: “We have become great because of the lavish use of our resources. But the time has come to inquire seriously what will happen when our forests are gone, when the coal, the iron, the oil, and the gas are exhausted, when the soils have still further impoverished and washed into the streams, polluting the rivers, denuding the fields and obstructing navigation”. Conservation increasingly became one of Roosevelt's main concerns. After becoming president in 1901, Roosevelt used his authority to protect wildlife and public lands by creating the United States Forest Service (USFS) and establishing 150 national forests, 51 federal bird reserves, 4 national game preserves, 5 national parks, and 18 national monuments by enabling the 1906 American Antiquities Act. During his presidency,Theodore Roosevelt protected approximately 230 million acres of public land. www.nps.gov

National Monuments

• Devil's Tower (WY) - 1906 • El Morro (NM) - 1906 • Montezuma Castle (AZ) - 1906 • Petrified Forest (AZ) - 1906 (now a national park) • Chaco Canyon (NM) - 1907 • Lassen Peak (CA) - 1907 (now Lassen Volcanic National Park) • Cinder Cone (CA) - 1907 (now part of Lassen Volcanic National Park) • Gila Cliff Dwellings (NM) - 1907 • Tonto (AZ) - 1907 • Muir Woods (CA) - 1908 • Grand Canyon (AZ) - 1908 (now a national park) • Pinnacles (CA) - 1908 (now a national park) • Jewel Cave (SD) - 1908 • Natural Bridges (UT) - 1908 • Lewis & Clark Caverns (MT) - 1908 (now a Montana State Park) • Tumacacori (AZ) - 1908 • Wheeler (CO) - 1908 (now Wheeler Geologic Area, part of Rio Grande National Forest) • Mount Olympus (WA) - 1909 (now Olympic National Park) Roosevelt signed the Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities - also known as the Antiquities Act or the National Monuments Act - on June 8, 1906. The law gave the president discretion to "declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic and scientific interest... to be National Monuments." Since he did not need congressional approval, Roosevelt could establish national monuments much easier than national parks. He dedicated these sites as national monuments:

Montezuma Castle (AZ)

Devil's Tower (WY)

Lassen Volcanic National Park (CA)

https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-and-conservation.htm

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT / OCT 2019

THE AMERICAN BLACK BEAR

Black bears are beautiful animals that range in size and color. Female black bears range from about 100 pounds to 250 pounds, while males can weigh between 150 and 400 pounds. Most black bears in the Eastern United States have a black coat and tan snout, but in the west they can be a cinnamon or brown color as well. When standing, black bears can reach a height of up to seven feet. Black bears have short claws that are excellent for climbing trees. While black bears do eat meat, they are omnivorous, and much of their diet consists of berries, nuts, and insects. W ith growing human populations, they are frequently scavengers, eating food that is unhealthy and unnatural for them, while habituating them toward humans.To find their food, they use a superb sense of smell and hearing to locate potential food sources from a great distance away. Black bears can be found awake during any part of the day or night, but they are most active during dawn and dusk, similar to deer and elk, making them crepuscular, rather than diurnal or nocturnal .

Dexterous: showing or having skill, with the hands Crepuscular: active in the twilight Diurnal: active in the daytime Nocturnal: active in the nighttime

Habituate: make or become accustomed or used to something

W here as many black bears hibernate during the winter, some wake up to forage for food, while many do not hibernate at all. This depends on the food sources available to them and the climate of their habitat. W here as many black bears hibernate during the winter, some wake up to forage for food, while many do not hibernate at all. This depends on the food sources available to them and the climate of their habitat.

Generally, black bears are shy, timid, and solitary by nature. Unless a mother is with her cubs, these bears are normally seen alone rather than in groups. Most black bears flee at loud noises or upon seeing humans, unless they have been habituated towards them. Therefore, black bear attacks are rare. Most often, a black bear is aggressive toward humans when they associate them with food. As people have fed and consistently approached bears, some lost their fear of humans and would approach them expecting food, not unlike a dog that has been trained in your household or a raccoon approaching your campsite . https://www.indianawildlife.org/blackbear/

https://www.travel-experience-live.com/

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT / OCT 2019

Each year national park visitors generate

. Litter Laws in Tennessee Tennessee has an average of 5,100 pieces of litter per mile on urban freeways. Thirty percent is deliberate litter from people in vehicles and 70% is negligent litter from unsecured loads. Littering Must Stop . Litter weighing less than five pounds is a class C misdemeanor punishable by a fine of $50, imprisonment up to 30 days, or both, and up to 40 hours community service. The court may also require work in a recycling center up to eight hours. . Litter weighing between five and 10 pounds is a class B misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to $500, six months imprisonment, or both, and up to 80 hours community service. The court may also require work in a recycling center up to eight hours. . Litter weighing more than 10 pounds or for any commercial purpose is a class A misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to $2,500, imprisonment up to 11 months and 29 days, or both. . If third conviction in any amount exceeding 10 pounds or upon the second conviction in any amount exceeding 1,000 pounds or in any amount for any commercial purpose, class E felony. Imprisonment between one year and six years, and possible fine up to $3,000. The court must also require community service litter removal for up to 160 hours. (see §40-35-111)

That's enough trash to fill the Statue of Liberty more than 1,800 times.

Here's what you can do to help. Opt for Online : Yes, paper maps are a national parks staple. But in our world of modern technology and ubiquitous smartphones, op for an app, that provides the same information - they're out there. And even without cell service, some national park apps will give helpful information about where you can spot wildlife or catch a beautiful sunset. Mug for the Parks : Bring a reusable coffee mug from home or buy one from the souvenir shop to help reduce the 58 billion paper cups are sent to America's landdlls every year. BYOB (Bring Your Own Bottle) : Americans throw away 2.5 million plastic bottles every hour. Keep a reellable water bottle on hand or buy one at gift shop, while taking advantage of reelling stations around the park. Ditch the Plastic Bag : Help reduce waste by not taking a plastic bag when buying souvenirs or groceries that you bring into the parks. Instead, bring your own reusable bag or tote for your items to help eliminate plastic bag waste. Take Out What You Bring In : Think about what you bring in. Check to see if it can be recycled or composted in the park you are visiting. If it cannot, try to take it home. It is often far easier to recycle near your home than in rural park areas. https://www.thestreet.com/story/13837668/1/trash-in-our-national-parks-why-it-s-your-problem-too.html

PHOTO: https://www.nps.gov/teachers/classrooms/marine-wildlife-and-harmful-trash.htm

PHOTO: https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/public-works-to-expand-trash-collection-to-national-parks- during-federal-shutdown/

"If visitors to national parks took steps to lessen their environmental footprint, it would make a significant difference in addressing these waste challenges," says Theresa Pierno, president and CEO of National Parks Conservation Association. "The actions we take now, whether it's drinking from reusable water bottles instead of buying plastic ones or taking out what you take into the park, will make an impact for generations to come."

Let’s Talk Trash!

SEPT / OCT 2019

United States of America 1789 (rev. 1992) Preamble We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tran- quility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

The Constitution of the United States of America

convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. Article I Section 4 The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. Article I Section 5 Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judg - ment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. Neither House, during the Session of Con- gress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Article I Section 6 The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person holding any Of - fice under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. Article I Section 7 All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States: If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both

Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sun- days excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. Article I Section 8 The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeit- ing the Securities and current Coin of the United States; To establish Post Offices and post Roads; To promote the Progress of Science and use- ful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respec- tive Writings and Discoveries; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; To raise and support Armies, but no Appropria- tion of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; To provide and maintain a Navy; To make Rules for the Government and Regu - lation of the land and naval Forces; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insur- rections and repel Invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disci- plining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respec- tively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places pur - chased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;-And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the forego- ing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United

States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Article I Section 9 The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or enu- meration herein before directed to be taken. No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. No Preference shall be given by any Regula- tion of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. Article I Section 10 No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely nec- essary for executing its inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Control of the Congress. No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay. Article II Section 1 The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows: Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of

Article I Section 1 All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Article I Section 2 The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifica - tions requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumera - tion shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylva - nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the Representa- tion from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. Article I Section 3 The Senate of the United States shall be com- posed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be

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the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representatives from each State having one Vote; a quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall choose from them by Ballot the Vice-President. The Congress may determine the Time of choosing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:-”I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” Article II Section 2 The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Of- ficer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respec- tive Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Ap- pointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. Article II Section 3 He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information on the State of the Union,

and recommend to their Consideration such Mea- sures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. Article II Section 4 The President, Vice President and all Civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Section 1 The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Com- pensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Article III Section 2 The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitu- tion, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;-to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public ministers and Consuls;-to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;-to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;-to Controversies between two or more States;-between a State and Citizens of another State;-between Citizens of different States;-be- tween Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other Misdemeanors. Article III public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regula- tions as the Congress shall make. The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not com- mitted within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. Article III Section 3 Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Trea- son unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Trea- son shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. Article IV Section 1 Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Con- gress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. Article IV Section 2 The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Jus- tice, and be found in another State, shall on De- mand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up

on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. Article IV Section 3 New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regula- tions respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Article IV Section 4 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Govern- ment, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. Article V The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Leg- islatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. Article VI All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitu- tion, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confedera - tion. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the Contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Offi- cers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. Article VII The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. DONE in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In WITNESS whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, Go. Washington-President and deputy from VA New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gil- man. Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. Connecticut: Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roger Sher- man. New York: Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearley, Wm. Paterson, Jona. Dayton. Pennsylvania: B. Franklin, Robt. Morris, Tho: Fitzsimons, James Wilson, Thomas Mifflin, Geo. Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Gouv: Morris. Delaware: Geo: Read, John Dickinson, Jaco: Broom, Gunning Bedford, Jun’r, Richard Bassett. Maryland: James M’Henry, Danl Carroll, Dan: of St. Thos. Jenifer.

Virginia: John Blair, James Madison, Jr. North Carolina: Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson, Rich’d Dobbs Spaight. South Carolina: J. Rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Pierce Butler. Georgia William: Few, Abr. Baldwin Attest: William Jackson, Secretary. AMENDMENT I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Gov- ernment for a redress of grievances. AMENDMENT II A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. AMENDMENT III No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre- scribed by law. AMENDMENT IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirma- tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. AMENDMENT V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, ex- cept in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. AMENDMENT VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. AMENDMENT VII In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. AMENDMENT VIII Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. AMENDMENT IX The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or dispar- age others retained by the people. AMENDMENT X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. AMENDMENT XI The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. AMENDMENT XII The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice- President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to

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