Let's Talk Trash 2018-2019 school yr

“Let’s Talk Trash News! , is a gift to our entire community! This resource rich newspaper delivers relevant non-fiction text for our students to read and enjoy. . . We look forward to each edition in the Cheatham County School District. - Dr. Cathy Beck, Dir of CC Schools

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ENJOY THIS FULL 2018-2019 SCHOOL YEAR COLLECTION OF LET’S TALK TRASH NEWS! 5 ISSUES DELIVERED EVERY OTHER MONTH TO EVERY K-8TH GRADE STUDENT IN CHEATHAM COUNTY A TOTAL OF 35,000 COPIES PRINTED BUILDING GOOD CHARACTER, CITIZENSHIP, AND LITTER AWARENESS

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U.S. CONSTITUTION FULL VERSION INCLUDED! JUST HOW OLD ARE THOSE TREES? ORANGUTANS & TREE DWELLERS START YOUR FAMILY TREE! COLORING CONTEST! HOT DOG MUMMIES!... AND MORE!!!

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT/OCT 2018

My Family Tree

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The Ashland City Times

Project Manager AARON WOLFE

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT/OCT 2018

Who is?

6 Reasons to Consider A Skilled Trade Career http://www.kaempfandharris.com/blog/6-reasons-you-should-consider-a-skilled-trade-career Consider a trade career in specialty metal fabrication, architectural custom work, plumbing, to HVAC, the opportunities are endless. Here are a few reasons why you should consider a skilled trade career:

It is well known in

Cheatham County, Tennessee, that A. O. Smith purchased State Industries (State Stove) which is one of the largest water heater manufacturing companies in the US. Did you know that A.O. Smith is more than a water heater manufacturing company? A. O. Smith has been in operation for over 140 years having started in 1874 by Charles Jeremiah Smith. He made hardware parts for baby carriages and bicycles, and so much more! Remember the original founder of A.O. Smith that was featured in last year’s Sept issue of Let’s Talk Trash news, Charles Jeremiah Smith? He was a skilled tradesman! “At 16 years of age, Smith became an indentured apprentice to Maudslay Sons and Field of London where his five year apprenticeship exposed him to some of the most advanced marine machine manufacturing thinking of the time.

1. You gain experience immediately. To some people, the thought of spending four more years learning in a classroom isn’t appealing. They’d rather get into the “real world” and build their resume with experience instead of education. With skilled trade careers, apprentices are immediately thrown into hands-on projects. You’re immediately on the floor learning from skilled professionals. 2. The price tag is reasonable. A lot of people do not consider going to college because of its hefty price tag where the average cost of tuition at a public college for an in-state student is about $10,000 per year. By earning an associate’s degree at a trade school or community college, many students graduate with little or no debt. While many college graduates leave school with little real world experience and a mountain of student loan debt, those who have pursued skilled trade careers carry less debt burden and accumulate real world experience and applicable skills while learning on the job. 3. It takes half the time. Trade skill students are out of the classroom and making money after two years.

4. Skilled trade experts make a good living. Plumbers and bricklayers make an average of $40,000 per year while installation managers have an average salary of $90,000. Salaries vary between state, company size, years of experience, industry, and level of education, but most in the skilled trade field make a good living. 5. There’s a huge need for master tradespeople. Currently, there’s a huge opportunity to earn positions in trade specialty fields. There will always be a need for power plant operators, plumbers, carpenters, welders, and utility workers. Because the trades are always in need, there will be ample opportunity and strong job security. Plus, as a master tradesperson, you’ll be that much more in demand and able to command better pay. 6. You get to do what you’re good at (and you probably love it). With a trade skill, you have the necessary education and training, so you can easily start your own business or apply for a highly specific job – and most likely get it.

College is not a bad idea, but it is typically more expensive and is not for everyone. With trade skill careers, acquiring practical and useful skills takes half the time, incurs less loan debt, costs less overall and allows students to arn experience and an educationsimultaneously. Skilled trades are always in demand! There are so many advantages to a career in the skilled trades, and the opportunities to earn a solid living while advancing your skill set are endless.

The future of A.O. Smith will be around robotics and automation.

Organizations can now intelligently optimize how work gets done – by humans working with robots – across the enterprise from a central end-to-end platform. This enables organizations to more effectively automate tasks, streamline processes, increase employee productivity, and ultimately deliver more satisfying customer experiences.

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT/OCT 2018

PUBLISHER / EDITOR Debbie Keenan The Keenan Group, Inc. P.O. Box / Pleasant View, TN 37146 615-746-2443 debbiekeenan2010@gmail. com

©2018 by Let’s Talk Trash News! All rights reserved. No part of this issue may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form without permission of the publisher or copyright holder. Neither participating advertisers nor the publishers will be responsible or liable for misinformation, misprints or typographical errors. The publisher reserves the right to edit any submitted material. Children’s submissions should include name, address telephone number, and permission to publish signed by a parent or guardian. Let’s Talk Trash-News! is distributed FREE to Cheatham County schools K-8th grade with additional bundle drops at each County High School. You can also find this issue at Sponsor locations as well as: Ren Mar Center, Centre 41 / Pleasant View, HG Hill Store, Chamber of Commerce, CC School Board office, Cheatham County Libraries, Post Offices, Pleasant View and Kingston Springs

Thank You to Our Sponsors!

Why does Family Matter? Family Matters because families are the backbone of our society and provide structure to our lives. Our past family relationships have helped to make each of us who we are as adults, and influence how we now treat our own children and other family members. In addition to the traditional definition of a family, we include groups, organizations, and all those who come together for a collective cause. For this school year Let’s Talk Trash-news will be focusing on our state tree and bird, The Tulip Poplar and the Mockingbird. There are so many things we can learn from trees and our feathered friends about the environment and the negative impact littering has on them. In an effort to bring us all together for a continuing effort to keep our streets and neighborhoods clean, we encourge students, teachers, and parents to get involved with their families, groups, and organizations to help make our county clean and beautiful. Did you know that individuals and groups can adopt a highway? It is a program that the Tennessee Department of Transportation supports! As you read and share Let’s Talk Trash-news , you will find it is more than litter education. It is all about learning responsibility and developing good character, so our youth grow into caring and concerned citizens. Through fun and entertaining stories, puzzles, and interesting facts, students are taken beyond the four walls of the classroom transporting and exposing them to all parts of the globe demonstrating that they are part of a much bigger picture! ENJOY AND STAY TUNED FOR ALL OF THE UPCOMING ISSUES OF LET’S TALK TRASH-NEWS! Family Matters because families are the backbone of our society and provide structure to ur lives. Our past family relat onships have helped to make each of us who we are as dult , and influence how we no treat our own children an other family me bers. In addition to he tradition l definition of a family, we include groups, or anizati ns, and all those who c me together for a collective ause. For this school year Let’s Talk Trash-news will be focusing on our sta e tre and bird, The Tulip Poplar and the Mockingbird. There are so many things we ca learn from t ees and our feathered friends about the environment, a d the negative impact littering has on t em. In an effort to bring us all together for a continuing effort to keep ur streets and neighborhoods clean, we e courage stud nts, teachers, and parents to get involved with their families, groups, and o ganizations to help make our county clean and beautiful. Did you know that individuals and groups can adopt a highway? It is progr m that the Tennessee Department of ra sportation supports! As you read and share Let’s Talk Trash-news , you will find it is more than litter education. It is all about learning responsibility and developing good character, so our youth grow into caring and concerned citizens. Through fun and entertaining stories, puzzles, and interesting facts, students are taken beyond the four walls of the classroom transporting and exposing them to all parts of the globe demonstrating that they are part of a much bigger picture! ENJOY AND STAY TUNED FOR ALL OF THE UPCOMING ISSUES OF LET’S TALK TRASH-N WS!

aaron@usstn.com c: (615) 982-2998 w: (615) 227-2275 f: (615) 746-5211 Project Manager AARON WOLFE

The Ashland City Times

the EXCHANGE

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT/OCT 2018

COLORing CONTEST!

Name______________________________ Grade_____________________________ School_____________________________ Teacher ___________________________

1ST PLACE WILL WIN $25.00 CASH PRIZE! 2ND, & 3RD PLACE WILL RECEIVE AN HONORABLE MENTION AND ALL WINNERS WILL BE ANNOUNCED IN THE NOVEMBER / DECEMBER ISSUE.

1. COLOR THIS PAGE! 2. SCAN & EMAIL TO: debbiekeenan2010@gmail.com 3. MAIL TO: The Keenan Group, P.O.B. 458 Pleasant View, TN 37146 Entries due by: NOVEMBER 1ST Be sure to include your name, school, grade and Teacher’s name!

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT/OCT 2018

Holidays & Celebrations https://www.dictionary.com

September comes from the Latin root septem-, meaning “seven,” because in the original Roman republican calendar September was the seventh month of the year rather than the ninth. The Roman calendar was only ten months long and included the following months—Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December. The last six months were assigned names according to their ordinal numbers—Quintilis is the fifth month, Sextilis is the sixth month, and so on. It wasn’t until 45 BC, when Julius Caesar introduced the Julian calendar (named after Caesar, himself), that the year grew to include two more months, January and February. Quintilis and Sextilis were later renamed to July and August in honor of Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar, but despite repeated attempts to change them, the names for September, October, November, and December not only stuck, but spread to other languages as well. THESE EVENTS ARE CELEBRATED AND RECOGNIZED IN THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER. •Baby Safety Month •Chicken Month •Better Breakfast Month •Classical Music Month •Fall Hat Month •Hispanic Heritage Month •Honey Month •International Square Dancing Month •Little League Month •National Blueberry Popsicle Month •National Courtesy Month •National Piano Month •Self Improvement Month

The eighth month in the old Roman calendar, October retained its name (from the Latin ôctō meaning “eight”) after January and February were inserted into the calendar that had originally been created by the Romans. ASIDE FROM HALLOWEEN, THESE EVENTS ARE CELEBRATED AND RECOGNIZED IN THE MONTH OF OCTOBER. •Adopt a Shelter Dog Month •Apple Jack Month •Breast Cancer Awareness Month

•Clergy Appreciation Month •Computer Learning Month •Cookie Month •Domestic Violence Awareness Month •Eat Country Ham Month •National Diabetes Month •National Pizza Month •National Vegetarian Month •National Popcorn Popping Month •Seafood Month

The Ashland City Times

the EXCHANGE

aaron@usstn.com c: (615)982-2998 w: (615)227-2275 f: (615)746-5211 ProjectManager AARON WOLFE

In 1947 the tulip poplar was designated as the official state tree of Tennessee. The General Assembly (see page 14 for more information) act stated that it was chosen “because it grows from one end of the state to the other” and “was extensively used by the pioneers of the state to construct houses, barns, and other necessary farm buildings.” The tulip poplar is also known as the tulip tree or the yellow poplar. It is a hardwood tree that’s native to most of the eastern United States. It is not a true poplar tree but instead is a member of the magnolia tree family. In some regions of the United States, tulip poplars can reach heights of 160 feet and higher. There have been records of tulip poplar trees reaching heights of up to 190 feet. Yet most of them will, on average, reach heights of 70 to 100 feet. The tulip poplar is also a quick-growing tree. A plus for the tulip poplar is that it tends to live longer than other fast-growing trees. It’s also a hardwood, which many fast-growing trees are not. The trees flourish best in low shade/full sun with well-drained soil. Young tulip poplars are vulnerable to damage from vines of wild grapes. The vines can weigh the tree down. They can also decrease the amount of sunlight that reaches the young tulip poplars. Poison ivy and other vines pose the same threat to damaging the tree. The flowers of a tulip poplar tree tend to show in the spring in southern regions of the United States. While, in more northern regions, they bloom later in spring in June. The trees begin to show their first blooms when the tree is within ten to fifteen years of its age. The colors of the tree’s flowers can be pale green or yellow. The coloring may be dependent on the temperature of the region and many other factors. There have also been occurrences of the flowers on a tulip poplar tree being white in color. This is a rare occurrence though and is not uniform across the tree’s blooms. The flowers also have an orange colored segment. The appearance of the flowers is where the tree gets its name since their petals resemble tulips. The amount of nectar produced can be around a tablespoon per flower, and it is why the tree is popular with beekeepers. The nectar is also popular because it also contributes to the rich and strong flavor of poplar honey. https://owlcation.com/stem/Tulip-Poplar-Tree-Facts-Uses-and-Planting-Tips

Deforming - if the trash is next to the plant - it can’t grow equally to all directions it intended; Possibly poisoning - depending on the trash - half-empty chemical bottles might leak, too much unbalanced fertilizers are not good either; Deadly - nobody wishes to tend plants, that are next to litter, so if the water is lacking and the sun is hot, it will just dry out. What Effect does litter (trash) have on plant growth?

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT/OCT 2018

Backpack Safety Tips

Tip #1: Start with a lightweight backpack. Make sure the backpack is made of a lightweight but durable material. Tip #2: Make sure the shoulder straps are wide and padded. Wide, padded straps provide support and prevent the straps from becoming too tight. Your child’s straps should be snug, but not so tight that they cause discomfort. Tip #3: The back should also be padded. Padding that sits against your child’s back will provide additional support and prevent discomfort. Tip #4: Look for a backpack with a waist strap. A waist strap holds the contents closer to your child’s back, which can help him or her maintain balance. Tip #5: Multiple compartments are a plus If your child’s backpack has multiple compartments, it will be easier to evenly distribute the weight of the items inside. The heaviest items should be packed low and toward the center of the bag. Tip #6: Both straps should be worn at all times. Make sure your child is always wearing both straps. Wearing both straps can also help distribute the weight more evenly and prevent your child from leaning to one side, which can cause pain in the neck, back, or shoulders. It also makes losing his or her balance less likely. Tip #7: Do not overload! Your child’s backpack should weigh no more than 15 percent of his or her total body weight. Anything more can force children to slouch or hunch to compensate for the extra weight. Remove any items that are unnecessary, and encourage your children to carry heavier items in their arms, if possible. If your child complains of back pain or discomfort, be sure to take a look at what is in his or her backpack. Encourage your child to carry his or her backpack according to the steps above. Backpacks with wheels are also an option for children experiencing discomfort. If pain persists, it is recommended you follow up with your child’s doctor. source: http://share.upmc.com/2014/08/7-backpack- safety-tips/

JOKES

How many books can you put in an empty backpack? One. After that, it’s not empty.

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT/OCT 2018

My Family Tree

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT/OCT 2018

SOLUTION ON PAGE 23

Tree for Two

Who are coalition members? Community coalition members are parents, teachers, law enforcement, businesses, religious leaders, health providers and other community activists who are mobilizing at the local level to make their communities safer, healthier and drug-free. Coalitions are partnerships of the many sectors of a community which gather together collaboratively to solve the community’s problems and guide the community’s future. When they are driven by citizen identified issues, citizens become involved in all steps of the problem-solving process. How do coalitions make a difference in communities?? Coalition building is a smart strategy that promotes coordination and collaboration and makes efficient use of limited community resources. By connecting multiple sectors of the community in a comprehensive approach, community coalitions are achieving real outcomes. Join us the 4th Monday monthly meeting at Community Bank & Trust, Ashland City, 6:00-7:00 The mission of the Cheatham County Community Enhancement Coalition is to educate and promote community involvement in reducing alcohol, tobacco, drug abuse and other health issues in Cheatham County. For more information and how to become involved in this coalition: 615-246-8075 cheathamcoalition@gmail.com

Kids Across 1. A comfy home in a tree where birds tweet all day 3. A coconut tree (or the soft, cushy part of your hand) 4. Hooo knows?!: Many people believe he’s wisest bird in the woods 5. What is the saddest tree in the world? A ______ willow tree 6. When sitting on a park bench, a person should give thanks to a tree (since its made of _____) 8. A squirrel searches for these beneath oak trees 11. Full of flowers, it’s Tennessee’s great state tree (2 wds) 13. It’s an evergreen tree that rhymes with “goose” 16. Sunny days: A bright beam of light that shines through the pines 17. A “bald” bird you might see in a tree 19. What a logger yells just before a tree falls (or the 6 Across from that tree) 20. Where the star belongs on a Christmas tree 21. According to the Bible, she couldn’t resist eating the fruit from an apple tree 22. This type of tree sounds exactly like the 21st letter of the alphabet

Teachers OR Parents Down 1. Scientist said to have been unexpectedly enlightened by a falling apple 2. The gift that keeps on giving: Orange’s offering that could beget a whole new tree 3. Though both of its syllables are a type of tree, this golden tropical fruit doesn’t grow on one 4. The Tree of Heaven (colloquially known as the “stink tree”) is one of several varieties whose fruits or flowers have distinctively unpleasant _____ 7. Coin whose flip side features a burning torch flanked by two branches -- one from an olive and the other from an oak tree 9. In a Granny Smith grove, even when the apples are _____, you won’t be seeing red 10. What a kitty stuck in a tree will do to thank her rescuer 12. Maple’s sweet gift to breakfast buffs 13. What an elm generously casts on the ground 14. Scale a sycamore 15. Young Master Potter, whose beloved Hogwarts is home to a “whomping willow” tree 16. Settle down for a second beneath a tree 18. Munched a mango (or tasted any treat from a tree)

10 Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT/OCT 2018

A group of hunter- gatherers living in a remote Indonesian forest are thought to have become the first tribe to be officially recognized as TREE-DWELLERS.

The Korowai, or Koroway, from Indonesia’s easternmost region of Papua, live in tree houses, speak their own tribal language, and live off forest animals and plants. Almost 3,000 members of the nomadic clan, whose people wear only banana leaves, were recorded for the first time in the country’s 2010 census. Members of the tribe skilfully climb ladders to their wooden homes often as high as 164ft (50m) from the forest floor where they usually live in a family of up to eight. Homes are built at different heights depending on how well they get on with their fellow tribe members. The horticultural tribesmen excel at hunting and fishing.

Where is Korowai?

Total population 2,900 Regions with significant populations Indonesia (Papua (province)) Languages Korowai language, Indonesian language Religion Christianity (predominantly), Animism, Dynamism (metaphysics), Totemism

nomadic Nomadic people travel from place to place rather than living in one place all the time.

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ asia/indonesia/7879391/Indonesian-tribe-officially- recognised-as-tree-dwellers.html

Let’s Talk Trash! SEPT/OCT 2018

United States of America 1789 (rev. 1992) Preamble We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tran- quility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

The Constitution of the United States of America

convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. Article I Section 4 The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. Article I Section 5 Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judg- ment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. Neither House, during the Session of Con- gress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Article I Section 6 The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person holding any Of- fice under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. Article I Section 7 All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States: If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both

Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sun- days excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. Article I Section 8 The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeit- ing the Securities and current Coin of the United States; To establish Post Offices and post Roads; To promote the Progress of Science and use- ful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respec- tive Writings and Discoveries; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; To raise and support Armies, but no Appropria- tion of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; To provide and maintain a Navy; To make Rules for the Government and Regu- lation of the land and naval Forces; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insur- rections and repel Invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disci- plining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respec- tively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places pur- chased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;-And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the forego- ing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United

States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Article I Section 9 The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or enu- meration herein before directed to be taken. No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. No Preference shall be given by any Regula- tion of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. Article I Section 10 No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely nec- essary for executing its inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Control of the Congress. No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay. Article II Section 1 The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows: Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of

Article I Section 1 All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Article I Section 2 The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifica- tions requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumera- tion shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylva- nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the Representa- tion from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. Article I Section 3 The Senate of the United States shall be com- posed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be

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the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representatives from each State having one Vote; a quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall choose from them by Ballot the Vice-President. The Congress may determine the Time of choosing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:-”I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” Article II Section 2 The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Of- ficer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respec- tive Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Ap- pointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. Article II Section 3 He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information on the State of the Union,

and recommend to their Consideration such Mea- sures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. Article II Section 4 The President, Vice President and all Civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. Article III Section 1 The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Com- pensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Article III Section 2 The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitu- tion, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;-to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public ministers and Consuls;-to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;-to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;-to Controversies between two or more States;-between a State and Citizens of another State;-between Citizens of different States;-be- tween Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regula- tions as the Congress shall make. The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not com- mitted within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Trea- son unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Trea- son shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. Article IV Section 1 Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Con- gress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. Article IV Section 2 The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Jus- tice, and be found in another State, shall on De- mand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up Article III Section 3 Treason against the United States, shall

on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. Article IV Section 3 New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regula- tions respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Article IV Section 4 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Govern- ment, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. Article V The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Leg- islatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. Article VI All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitu- tion, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confedera- tion. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the Contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Offi- cers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. Article VII The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. DONE in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In WITNESS whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, Go. Washington-President and deputy from VA New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gil- man. Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. Connecticut: Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roger Sher- man. New York: Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearley, Wm. Paterson, Jona. Dayton. Pennsylvania: B. Franklin, Robt. Morris, Tho: Fitzsimons, James Wilson, Thomas Mifflin, Geo. Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Gouv: Morris. Delaware: Geo: Read, John Dickinson, Jaco: Broom, Gunning Bedford, Jun’r, Richard Bassett. Maryland: James M’Henry, Danl Carroll, Dan: of St. Thos. Jenifer.

Virginia: John Blair, James Madison, Jr. North Carolina: Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson, Rich’d Dobbs Spaight. South Carolina: J. Rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Pierce Butler. Georgia William: Few, Abr. Baldwin Attest: William Jackson, Secretary. AMENDMENT I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Gov- ernment for a redress of grievances. AMENDMENT II A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. AMENDMENT III No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre- scribed by law. AMENDMENT IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirma- tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. AMENDMENT V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, ex- cept in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. AMENDMENT VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. AMENDMENT VII In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. AMENDMENT VIII Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. AMENDMENT IX The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or dispar- age others retained by the people. AMENDMENT X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. AMENDMENT XI The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. AMENDMENT XII The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice- President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to

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