G7 Canada: The Kananaskis Summit is a high-level briefing publication offering authoritative insight into the priorities, performance and evolving role of the G7 at a time of global uncertainty. Marking the forum’s 50th anniversary, the edition examines how leading economies are responding to geopolitical tensions, economic disruption and rapid technological change, while shaping a renewed agenda for collective action. Centred on Canada’s 2025 presidency, the publication explores key themes including global security, energy resilience, digital transformation and future partnerships. Featuring contributions from heads of government, international organisations and expert voices, alongside data-driven analysis of G7 commitments, it provides a clear and informed perspective for policymakers, business leaders and stakeholders navigating the next phase of international cooperation.
The Kananaskis Summit
2025
COLLECTIVE LEADERSHIP Finding common ground on security, sustainability and shared prosperity
RENEWED RESPONSIBILITY Ensuring equity in digital governance, development and global health
ECONOMIC RESILIENCE Restoring growth, trust and stability as central to the G7's global role
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The Kananaskis Summit 2025
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Produced and distributed by The Global Governance Project, a joint initiative between GT Media publishing company based in London, UK, and the G7 Research Group based at the University of Toronto. www.g7.utoronto.ca The Global Governance Project provides a vital function for private- and public-sector organisations in support of their governance responsibilities. To carry out executive duties effectively, we must have access to unbiased, objective and independent opinion,
based on actual policy set at and influenced by the G7 summits and their leadership. © 2025. The entire contents of this publication are protected by copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The views and opinions expressed by independent authors and contributors in this
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CONTENTS
LEADERS' VIEWS
WELCOME MESSAGE
EDITORS' INTRODUCTIONS
20 Promising
prospects for a productive Kananaskis Summit John Kirton, director, G7 Research Group
Confronting today’s challenges, united in a common cause Mark Carney, prime minister, Canada
Power, prosperity and protection Donald Trump, president, United States
Securing borders, shaping futures Giorgia Meloni, prime minister, Italy
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22 The G7 confronts a new world order as leaders return to Kananaskis Martha Hall Findlay, director and Palmer Chair in Public Policy, School of Public Policy, University of Calgary
Stronger together: Uniting for peace, prosperity and sovereignty Emmanuel Macron, president, France
A roadmap for economic growth, national security and global engagement Ishiba Shigeru, prime minister, Japan
Transatlantic resolve in Ukraine and beyond Friedrich Merz, chancellor, Germany
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ADVOCACIES
08 How energy is redefining Europe’s global role Interview with Claudio Descalzi, CEO, Eni 18 Taking responsibility for health in a fragmenting world Axel Radlach Pries,
Europe stands tall: Open, united and ready to lead Ursula von der Leyen, president, European Commission
Security, sovereignty and stability in a changing world Sir Keir Starmer, prime minister, United Kingdom
Reliable partnerships in a world of uncertainty António Costa, president, European Council
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president, World Health Summit
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1 MILITARY SECURITY 24
3 INNOVATIVE
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Digital finance at a crossroads Chiara Oldani, lecturer, monetary economics, Università degli Studi della Tuscia G7 performance on trade Sarah Richardson, research associate, G7 Research Group Seizing the opportunities within the global trade crisis Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, director general, World Trade Organization State-of-the-art customs at the forefront of global trade transformation Ian Saunders, secretary general, World Customs Organization Trade policy: Time for candid conversations Simon J. Evenett, IMD Business School Building resilience through fair and inclusive employment Gilbert Houngbo, director general, International Labour Organization G7 performance on gender equality Julia Kulik, director of strategic initiatives and public engagement, G7 Research Group Will the G7 stand firm on LGBTIQ+ and women’s rights? Beth Woroniuk and Diana Sarosi, Women 7 2025 co-chairs Reinforcing responsible tourism Zurab Pololikashvili, secretary general, UN Tourism Hospitality’s strategic role in economic resilience and climate leadership Glenn Mandziuk, CEO, World Sustainable Hospitality Alliance
TECHNOLOGY, DIGITALISATION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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G7 performance on Ukraine Zoe Mason, senior researcher, G7 Research Group Holding the line: Why Ukraine’s defence matters to us all Aurel Braun, professor of international relations and political science, University of Toronto Charting a path to stability in the Middle East Interview with Sanam Vakil, director, Middle East and North Africa Programme, Chatham House The G7 and global AI competition: What the G7 needs to do to stay ahead in the AI race George Takach, author, Cold War 2.0 G7 performance on macroeconomic policy Angela Minyi Hou, senior researcher, G7 Research Group Stronger together: Harnessing the economic power of multilateralism Mathias Cormann, OECD secretary general The G7 at a critical crossroads Mark Sobel, US chair, Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum America’s exit and the future of global corporate tax reform Michael F. Motala, fellow, G7 Research Group
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G7 performance on artificial intelligence, ICT and digitalisation Nancy E. Scott, legal director, G7 Research Group Collaboration creates breakthroughs for a better world Doreen Bogdan-Martin, secretary general, International Telecommunication Union The G7 and the future of AI governance Kenddrick Chan, LSE IDEAS, and Chris Alden, professor of international relations, LSE AI advances are shifting the balance between opportunities and risks Yoshua Bengio, professor, Université de Montréal, and scientific director, Mila Shaping the global governance of quantum technology for sustainable development Tim Smith, Open Quantum Institute
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2 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SECURITY
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4 BORDERS,
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MIGRATION AND REFUGEES
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Strengthening the global shield against illicit finance Elisa de Anda Madrazo, president, Financial Action Task Force
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A global response to drug trafficking
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Ghada Waly, executive director, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
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A new direction for the global migration system Amy Pope, director general, International Organization for Migration The G7: Uniting to stop human trafficking and migration crimes Denisse Rudich, director, G7 and G20 Research Groups (London), and CEO, Rudich Advisory G7 performance on development Sonja Dobson, senior researcher, G7 Research Group Securing the SDGs: Why the G7 must lead the way Interview with Achim Steiner, administrator, United Nations Development Programme Strengthening national development banks: Why wait? Edgardo Alvarez, secretary general, Latin American Association of Development Financing Institutions The fight to feed millions: The G7 must act now Cindy McCain, executive director, World Food Programme G7 performance on health Joanna Davies, senior researcher, G7 Research Group We must tackle the current global health financing emergency now to save lives Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director general, World Health Organization
Why the G7 must act now to address the digital health transformation Ilona Kickbusch, founding director, Global Health Centre, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Integral brain health: The unifying goal for health, productivity and well-being Vladimir Hachinski, University of Western Ontario, Guy Rouleau, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Danuta Wasserman, Karolinska Institutet
Red alert for climate, blueprint for action: A science-based call to the G7 Celeste Saulo, secretary general, World Meteorological Organization Canada’s G7 summit in Kananaskis: Lessons learned for advancing climate action Catherine McKenna, chair, UN Secretary General’s High-Level Expert Group on Net-Zero Commitments of Non-State Entities, with Isabelle Gilmore, G7 Research Group Urgent action is needed to safeguard biodiversity, the foundation of the global economy Astrid Schomaker, executive secretary, Convention on Biological Diversity The G7 should prioritise financing for disaster risk reduction Kamal Kishore, special representative of the United Nations Secretary General for Disaster Risk Reduction The strategic role of ministerial meetings in fulfilling G7 commitments Jessica Rapson, senior researcher, G7 Research Group G7 compliance with Apulia’s commitments among evolving priorities Jacob Rudolph and Angus MacKellar, co-chairs, summit studies, G7 Research Group American leadership at Kananaskis Christopher Sands, director, Hopkins Center for Canadian Studies, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies
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5 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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6 ENERGY,
CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY
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G7 performance on energy Ella Kokotsis, director of accountability, G7 Research Group Reinforcing the renewables revolution Interview with Francesco La Camera, director general, IRENA A proven partner: Doubling down on nuclear energy ambitions is a smart move for the G7 Rafael Mariano Grossi, director general, International Atomic Energy Agency Critical minerals supply in uncertain times Kathryn Sturman, Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland Improving G7
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7 STRENGTHENING THE G7 SYSTEM
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performance on climate change
Brittaney Warren, director of compliance and climate change research, G7 Research Group
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Confronting today’s challenges, united in a common cause
Mark Carney, prime minister, Canada
F ifty years ago, the G7 was cre- ated at a moment of crisis. Faced with financial upheaval, a stagflationary shock and geopolitical tensions, a small group of advanced economies came together – not to retreat into isola- tionism, but to build a platform for cooperation, stability and shared prosperity. In the decades since, the G7 has proven its enduring value: as a forum for frank dialogue, principled disagreement and decisive action. In 2025, the need for this forum has only increased. We are navigating a global economy under pressure – from trade tensions and disruptive technologies to rising geopolitical instability. The foundations of international peace and economic security, long taken for granted, are being tested. At this inflection point, the G7 must rise to meet the scale of these crises with purpose and with force. I look forward to welcoming my fellow G7 leaders to Kananaskis, Alberta, this June, as Canada assumes the presidency on the G7’s 50th anniversary. This will be a moment to
confront the challenges of our time, united in common cause. I have attended G7 summits before – through my roles at the Department of Finance, as governor of the Bank of Canada and as governor of the Bank of England. Those experiences have given me a deep understanding of what makes the G7 effective and, crucially, where it must do better. I bring those lessons and that focus with me. Canada’s agenda will have three core imperatives: securing our communities and a safer world, building energy security and accelerating the digital transition, and investing in partnerships of the future. Nowhere are these objectives more timely and strategic than with critical mineral supply chains that allow Canada to lead trusted, reliable partnerships to fuel the technologies of the future. In practical terms, our agenda means driving artificial intelligence adoption across public and private sectors; unlocking the full potential of quantum technology to grow our economies and solve
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“The G7 Kananaskis Summit will be forward looking. We are engaging not only our G7 allies but also partners beyond, recognising that our long-term security and prosperity will depend on building coalitions with reliable partners and with mutual respect”
global challenges; and mounting a multilateral effort to better prevent, fight and recover from wildfires, which are on the rise in Canada and around the world. We will discuss global pressures driving migration and measures to ensure the lawful, humanitarian and economically beneficial movement of peoples. We will push back against foreign interference with a focus on transnational repression because the rights of our citizens and state sovereignty are non-negotiable. Finally, we will deepen partnerships and catalyse enormous private investment to build stronger infrastructure, higher-paying jobs and careers for our citizens, and dynamic markets where businesses can compete and succeed. Canada also remains steadfast in its support for Ukraine as it defends its sovereignty against Russia’s war of aggression. I have invited President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and NATO secretary general Mark Rutte to join us in Kananaskis to reaffirm our collective resolve. The G7 Kananaskis Summit will be forward looking. We are engaging not only our G7 allies but also partners beyond, recognising that our long-term security and prosperity will depend on building coalitions with reliable partners and with mutual respect. Canada has also engaged with leaders and stakeholders from across the country – including Indigenous partners, provinces and territories, business, civil society, and academia – to develop an agenda that resonates with Canadians. Canada’s presidency is an opportunity for Canada and for Canadians. An opportunity to meet the challenges of our time, to affirm our values with longstanding partners, and to build a stronger G7 alliance. And it will serve as a moment to showcase the best of Canada, our world-class expertise, our country’s extraordinary natural
beauty and wealth of resources, and who we are as Canadians – the true north, strong and free.
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// ADVOCACY eni
How energy is redefining Europe’s global role
Europe must embrace flexible partnerships, resilient industrial strategies and economically viable decarbonisation to remain competitive in a fractured world
Interview with Claudio Descalzi, CEO, Eni
Q: Are we witnessing the end of globalisation as we once knew it? A: We’ve been living through the grad- ual erosion of the globalisation model that had, in truth, been faltering for some time. This hasn’t happened overnight. We’ve seen the rise of pro- tectionist measures like tariffs, but these are only symptoms of a much deeper reordering of the global econ- omy. The energy sector is at the heart of this shift: it doesn’t just reflect broader geopolitical and economic tensions— it shapes them. Growing fragmentation has steadily undermined confidence in a global value chain model driven by cooperation and multilateralism, exposing some countries and regions to strategic vulnerabilities. Q: Where does this leave Europe? A: For decades Europe has prioritised policies and targets over pragmatism
and resilience—and now it’s facing the consequences. From the energy per- spective, first the pandemic, then the war in Ukraine exposed just how frag- ile that model was. And it’s not just gas—today, the same risk exists in critical materials and technologies, almost entirely controlled by China. If we don’t diversify now, we’ll face the same vulnerabilities in the next crisis. These energy security concerns are increasingly intertwined with grow- ing challenges regarding economic sustainability and competitiveness. Europe, which over the past two dec- ades has embraced globalisation by offshoring its primary and secondary sectors while focusing on developing services domestically, is now contend- ing with stagnating growth, industrial decline, and a loss of competitiveness. And in Europe, where energy prices are among the highest in the world, costs
Technology at the heart of Eni's strategy. Eni has integrated supercomputing across the entire value chain of its businesses, turning it into one of the key drivers for achieving Net Zero by 2050
have become a real burden on com- petitiveness. What we’re seeing isn’t just disruption—it’s a chance to reset Europe’s direction. These global shifts are pushing us to rethink our industrial and economic priorities, putting energy security, competitiveness, and sustain- ability at the core. This is no longer the time for ideological debates. What we need is to strengthen our historical alli- ances, modernise them, and build new, strategic partnerships. The way forward is clear: pragmatic energy policies that turn today’s challenges into real oppor- tunities for long-term competitiveness.
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“What we need is to strengthen our historical alliances, modernise them, and build new, strategic partnerships. The way forward is clear: pragmatic energy policies that turn today’s challenges into real opportunities”
Q: That would seem to require a major shift. Is it really feasible? A: First and foremost, we must address the complex bureaucratic apparatus within the European Union. For years, this system has translated political decisions into cumbersome regula- tions. Governments are left to interpret and apply complex decisions, while businesses are expected to invest time, capital, and resources to make them work. In energy, we need a truly shared vision—one that reflects Europe’s diverse realities. Europe is a collective of diverse countries, each with different levels of economic and industrial devel- opment, different energy mixes which drive differences in energy prices, distinct demand profiles, and heteroge- neous industrial strategies. Managing this diversity requires pragmatic com- promise and flexibility, prioritisation of available technology solutions, and a deep understanding of differ- ing national interests—like assembling a vast and intricate mosaic. Europe needs to break away from rigid, one- size-fits-all regulations and embrace a more flexible, cooperative model—one that fosters innovation while deliv- ering on climate and energy security goals. Regulation can’t be an obsta- cle; it has to be an enabler. We've seen it work. In the UK, our Liverpool Bay CCS project shows how the regulatory framework can unlock investment and create value around low-carbon tech- nologies. It’s proof that when regulation supports innovation, new markets can grow, emissions can fall, and value can be shared across the system. That’s the direction Europe needs to take. Q: You mention Europe’s priorities as security, competitiveness, and the environment. Are they meant to be pursued in that order? A: These priorities aren’t sequen- tial—they’re interdependent. Energy security, competitiveness, and sustain- ability must move together, or none of them will hold. What we’re starting to see in Europe is a shift from slogans to realism. There’s a growing under- standing that the energy transition cannot—and must not—undermine industrial strength. Industry isn’t optional; it’s the backbone of pro- gress. Without it, innovation remains
theory. Whether we’re talking about CCS, biofuels, solar or wind, these tech- nologies only scale if they’re built on a solid industrial foundation—with the right infrastructure, skills, and produc- tion capacity. To remain competitive, we need a transition strategy that safe- guards industry and supports the technologies we can deploy quickly and effectively. At the same time, we must create space for breakthrough solutions to emerge over time. And one principle must be non-negotiable: decarbonisa- tion has to be economically viable. It must attract private capital, not rely on endless public subsidies. That requires a regulatory environment that enables investment and gives companies the freedom to lead the transition through sustainable, resilient business models. Q: Does Europe truly have the tools to deliver all of this? A: Europe is facing structural con- straints, but it still has what it takes—capital, technology, and know- how. What’s missing is the ability to turn these assets into foundational partnerships, built not on depend- ency but on shared value. Energy can be a powerful tool for cooperation— if managed with long-term vision and competence. That’s exactly the approach we’ve followed at Eni. In the Eastern Mediterranean, we’ve con- nected Cyprus and Egypt through our infrastructure to develop gas resources that benefit both. In South- east Asia, we’ve brought Indonesia and Malaysia together to unlock shared natural gas potential and help phase out coal. These aren’t one-off deals— they’re examples of how energy, when approached pragmatically, creates stable, forward-looking relationships where none existed before. Energy can cause imbalances when it’s driven by short-term logic. But if we manage it well—anchored in industrial capabil- ity and mutual interest—it becomes a driver of resilience, development, and global stability.
// CLAUDIO DESCALZI Claudio Descalzi has been the CEO of Eni, a global energy tech company operating in over 65 countries, since May 2014.
X-TWITTER @eni eni.com
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// LEADERS' VIEWS
DONALD TRUMP, PRESIDENT, UNITED STATES
Power, prosperity and protection T he American dream is unstoppable, and our country is on the verge of a comeback, the likes of which the world has never witnessed and perhaps will never witness again …
of dollars and create jobs like we have never seen before … Much has been said over the last three months about Mexico and Canada, but we have very large deficits with both of them … They are, in effect, receiving subsidies of hundreds of billions of dollars. We pay subsidies to Canada and to Mexico of hundreds of billions of dollars. And the United States will not be doing that any longer … And I have also imposed a 25 percent tariff on foreign aluminum, copper, lumber, and steel, because if we don’t have, as an example, steel and lots of other things, we don’t have a military and, frankly, we just won’t have a country very long … But if we truly care about protecting America’s children, no step is more crucial than securing America’s borders. Over the past four years, 21 million people poured into the United States. Many of them were murderers, human traffickers, gang members, and other criminals from the streets of dangerous cities all throughout the world ... Every last one will be rounded up and forcibly removed from our country, or, if they’re too dangerous, put in jails, standing trial in this country, because we don’t want them to come back ever ... As commander in chief, my focus is on building the most powerful military of the future. As a first step, I’m asking Congress to fund a state-of-the-art Golden Dome missile defense shield to protect our homeland, all made in the USA … To boost our defense industrial base, we are also going to resurrect the American shipbuilding industry, including commercial shipbuilding and military shipbuilding … To further enhance our national security, my administration will be reclaiming the Panama Canal … We need Greenland for national security and even international security,
Among my very highest priorities is to rescue our economy and get dramatic and immediate relief to working families … A major focus of our fight to defeat inflation is rapidly reducing the cost of energy. The previous administration cut the number of new oil and gas leases by 95 percent, slowed pipeline construction to a halt, and closed more than 100 power plants. We are opening up many of those power plants right now … We have more liquid gold under our feet than any nation on Earth and by far. And now I’ve fully authorized the most talented team ever assembled to go and get it. It’s called drill, baby, drill … I will also take historic action to dramatically expand production of critical minerals and rare earths here in the USA … The next phase of our plan to deliver the greatest economy in history is for this Congress to pass tax cuts for everybody … We’re seeking permanent income tax cuts all across the board … In addition, … we want to cut taxes on domestic production and all manufacturing … If you don’t make your product in America, however, … you will pay a tariff and, in some cases, a rather large one. Other countries have used tariffs against us for decades, and now it’s our turn to start using them … On average, the European Union, China, Brazil, India, Mexico, and Canada … and countless other nations charge us tremendously higher tariffs than we charge them … This is happening by friend and foe. This system is not fair to the United States and never was … And whatever they tariff us – other countries – we will tariff them … We will take in trillions and trillions
and we’re working with everybody involved to try and get it … One way or the other, we’re going to get it. We will keep you safe. We will make you rich. And together, we will take Greenland to heights like you have never thought possible before … In the Middle East, we’re bringing back our hostages from Gaza. In my first term, we achieved one of the most groundbreaking peace agreements in generations: the Abraham Accords. And now we’re going to build on that foundation to create a more peaceful and prosperous future for the entire region … I’m also working tirelessly to end the savage conflict in Ukraine. Millions of Ukrainians and Russians have been needlessly killed or wounded in this horrific and brutal conflict with no end in sight. The United States has sent hundreds of billions of dollars to support Ukraine’s defense … Two thousand people are being killed every single week – more than that. They’re Russian young people. They’re Ukrainian young people. They’re not Americans. But I want it to stop … It’s time to stop this madness. It’s time to halt the killing. It’s time to end this senseless war. If you want to end wars, you have to talk to both sides. Joint Address to Congress, 6 March 2025
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GIORGIA MELONI, PRIME MINISTER, ITALY
Securing borders, shaping futures W e have worked with courage, daring to begin a new chapter in Italy and in Europe too,
Government over these years is the right one, and of the support of an increasing number of European nations. Italy has played a decisive role in changing Europe’s approach to managing migration flows, and is continuing to do so. Europe now also sees defending external borders, fighting mass irregular migration, strengthening returns policies and implementing equal partnerships with countries of origin and of transit as a priority, and this is largely thanks to Italy’s determination and tenacity. The facts show that we were right and that we are on the right track. Statement on the European Union’s list of safe countries of origin, 16 April 2025 According to the World Bank, 80% of the most advanced nations’ wealth is represented by knowledge. In this context, STEM [science, technology, engineering and mathematics] subjects are taking on an increasingly crucial role, offering great opportunities and prospects. The Government … has already taken the first steps in this direction. I am referring … to the technical-vocational education and training reform to create a stable and structural link between technical and vocational education pathways, higher technical institutes (‘ITS’) and production chains; the establishment of the ‘Made in Italy’ high school, which encompasses both humanities and STEM subjects; the incentives for companies to hire researchers and research contract holders; the funding allocated for career guidance and the ‘scientific degree plan’ … Overcoming the skills challenge is essential to building an increasingly competitive nation that is at the forefront of the great transformations of our time. We can only achieve this goal if we are able to work together as a team, involving families, schools, universities, companies, professional associations, cultural institutions and the media in this mission. Believing in Italy’s future also means working to shape the professions and the professionals of tomorrow, thus helping to reawaken that courage and daring that are innate in our people and that have allowed our nation to become what it is today. Statement to mark National STEM Week, 4 February 2025
and unstoppable migration flows within Europe’s borders but rather defending the EU’s external borders, the fact that we are now talking about strengthening return policies … The management of migration flows is an issue for which the majority of citizens have provided very clear indications: citizens are asking us to stop illegal immigration, because illegal immigration creates insecurity, a lack of integration and an inability to uphold the rule of law, and also because mass illegal immigration is the number one enemy of legal migration … We have driven out organised crime, which had infiltrated the rules for legal migration, and I think that this is another great achievement that we should all be proud of together … Speech at the Conference of Italy’s prefects and police commissioners, 17 February 2025 I welcome the proposed EU list of safe countries of origin presented by the European Commission, which also includes, among others, Bangladesh, Egypt and Tunisia … This is further confirmation that the direction charted by the Italian
designing a model to counter irregular immigration and manage migration flows based on four focus areas: relentlessly fighting human traffickers; building a new cooperation and development model with migrants’ countries of origin and of transit; supporting pathways for agreed legal migration that is therefore more easily integrated; innovative solutions to redesign how migration flows are managed. These four focus areas have enabled us to achieve … a drastic reduction in the number of migrants arriving on small boats along the central Mediterranean route, and with it a fall in the number of deaths at sea, especially thanks to the drop in departures from Tunisia and Libya; and also, the overall reduction in irregular entries into the European Union along other routes … We have also addressed the causes of migration through the Mattei Plan ... The next challenge regarding the Mattei Plan is to ‘Europeanise’ and ‘internationalise’ it, building new synergies between what we are doing at the national level and the instruments that exist at other levels: I am referring to the European Union’s Global Gateway and the G7’s ‘PGII’ [Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment] … This was part of Italy’s work last year as G7 Presidency … These are actions carried out on the ground, actions agreed with our partners, actions based on verifiable milestones: it is not a wish list, but rather a concrete strategy that has already got underway in nine nations and is now being expanded to another five nations in Africa. … I would like to briefly highlight the decisive role Italy has played in Brussels to change Europe’s approach to immigration. The fact that, today, implementing equal partnerships with countries of origin and of transit is a priority, the fact that the priority is no longer distributing unmanageable
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EMMANUEL MACRON, PRESIDENT, FRANCE
Stronger together: Uniting for peace, prosperity and sovereignty F rance – through its culture, way of life and language – is defending democracies, international solidarity, development, fair trade and protecting the planet … We both believe
Ukrainians to resist until they can negotiate a deal with Russia that ensures a solid peace for themselves and for all of us … A peace deal can’t be signed at any price on orders from Russia. Peace can’t mean Ukraine’s capitulation. It can’t mean its collapse. Nor can it come about through a ceasefire, which would be too fragile. Why? Because once again, we’ve learned from the past. We can’t forget that Russia began its invasion of Ukraine in 2014, that we negotiated a ceasefire in Minsk, that Russia did not abide by that ceasefire and that we were unable to maintain it due to a lack of solid guarantees. We can no longer take Russia at its word … Whether or not peace is achieved quickly in Ukraine, the European nations must be able to better defend themselves and to deter any new aggression … Whatever happens, we must be better equipped; we must improve our defence posture for the sake of peace and for the purpose of deterrence. In that regard, we remain committed to NATO and to our partnership with the United States, but we must do more … … France is in a unique position. We have the most effective military in Europe and … we possess nuclear deterrence capabilities … Our military budget will have doubled over close to 10 years … … France will follow only one course: that of the desire for peace and freedom, true to its history and its principles. Yes, that is what we believe in for our security, and that is also what we believe in when it comes to defending democracy, a certain idea of the truth, a certain idea of free research, a certain idea of respect in our society, a certain idea of freedom of expression that eschews hate speech, and a certain idea of humanism … … No longer will our generation enjoy the peace dividends. It is up to us to ensure that one day, our children will enjoy the dividends of our efforts. Address to the French people, 5 March 2025
an irreducible part of Canada’s identity, just like the First Peoples and the British legacy … Canada is a unique friend to us. … We ... want to be able to develop our most strategic projects with our closest, most loyal partners, because we’re convinced … that we are stronger
that fair trade which respects international rules is a good thing for everyone’s prosperity, and it’s certainly
more effective than tariffs, which create inflation and damage production chains and the integration of our economies. We too believe that the freedom of expression so dear/precious to our countries is not the same as an outpouring of hatred, violence, online harassment and opaque algorithms. That’s why your G7 presidency in 2025 should be an opportunity for us to make progress on each of these points and basically uphold together a fair international order, in other words something that is neither the law of the strongest nor isolationism, and that’s why we’re fighting. Statement ahead of the working lunch with Canadian prime minister Mark Carney, 17 March 2025 The war in Ukraine, which has killed or injured nearly a million people, is continuing at the same level of intensity … Russia has already made the Ukrainian conflict a global conflict. It has deployed North Korean soldiers and Iranian equipment on our continent, while helping those countries to further rearm. President [Vladimir] Putin’s Russia violates our borders to murder his opponents and manipulates elections in Romania and Moldova … Russia is continuing to rearm, spending more than 40% of its budget for that purpose. By 2030, it plans to have further expanded its army … Russia has become a threat to France and Europe now and for years to come … … We must continue helping the
together, better able to ensure that our interests are respected and to exercise our sovereignty to the full … We’ve already had initial successes, as proven by the recent announcement that a consortium including French businesses had been chosen for the first stage of the planned high-speed train between Quebec and Toronto … Further proof is the very strong turnout by your investors and businesses at the artificial intelligence summit, which shows Canada’s strong presence and the partnership we have together in this area. Our businesses are also talking about mutual investments in the critical-metals sector – essential building-blocks for any energy transition. nuclear energy, which is the focus of long-standing cooperation between our two countries, and on quantum, where our research centres and businesses have knowledge unique in the world … We’re going to continue making active efforts together, because we’re holding successive G7 presidencies, with challenges which await you in a few weeks’ time and which we’ll continue addressing, as we did from Charlevoix to Biarritz a few years ago. We’ll also make sure that our friendship is useful in promoting our values and our shared commitments to I know how much you’re also promoting fresh ambition on
12 // G7 CANADA: THE KANANASKIS SUMMIT 2025
// LEADERS' VIEWS
ISHIBA SHIGERU, PRIME MINISTER, JAPAN
A roadmap for economic growth, national security and global engagement J apan’s working-age population is forecasted to shrink by almost 15 million people over the next 20 years, a decrease of over 20 percent … It is
pillar of Japanese industry … … As Russia’s aggression against Ukraine is poised to enter its fourth year, Japan faces increasingly intense military activities by China and Russia in the areas surrounding Japan, as well as North Korea’s nuclear and missile developments. In the most severe and complex security environment of the post-war period, it is essential to pay the utmost attention at all times to the balance of power, enhance Japan’s own capabilities, elevate the Japan-U.S. Alliance to new heights, and further expand and deepen partnerships with like-minded countries in order to fully defend Japan’s independence and peace as well as the daily lives of the Japanese people. At the same time, maintaining close communication with relevant countries is vitally important to avoid misunderstandings and miscalculations … … We will continue to strongly support Ukraine and enforce sanctions against Russia. Regarding relations with China, while we continue to state what should be stated regarding various issues of concern and our different views, we will also pursue cooperation in areas where cooperation is possible. In this way, we are engaged in pragmatic foreign policy. Taking firm coordination with allied and like-minded countries with whom we share values as a major premise, we will maintain close communication with China at all levels, including at the leaders level, based on the broad direction of comprehensively promoting a Mutually Beneficial Relationship based on Common Strategic Interests and building a constructive and stable relationship, as confirmed with President Xi Jinping, so that China’s stable development yields benefits for the entire region … Although Japan-Russia relations remain in a difficult situation, Japan firmly maintains its policy of resolving the territorial issues and concluding a peace treaty … We will also continue to squarely address climate change, disarmament and non-proliferation, and other global challenges as well as humanitarian situations in various regions. We will press forward in coordinating with relevant countries and other parties to provide at an early time medical support for those who are injured and ill in Gaza. Speech to the Diet, 24 January 2025
… By transitioning from a cost-cutting economy to an economy based on the creation of high amounts of added value, we will bring about a growth-oriented economy driven by wage increases and investment. We will strengthen initiatives to establish Japan as an investment-driven nation by holding the Public-Private Investment Forum, setting targets for domestic investments, deepening our examination of regulatory reforms, and formulating concrete measures to promote bold domestic investments. We will proceed with the revision of the Science, Technology, and Innovation Basic Plan and promote investments in strategic fields, including AI [artificial intelligence], quantum technology, biotechnology, space, and fusion. … We will advance initiatives such as strengthening critical supply chains and implementing countermeasures against technology outflow, including reshoring [of production processes] and promoting the establishment [of new plants, research centers, or other business facilities]. We will enhance economic intelligence functions that analyze threats and risks through public-private cooperation … … Japan is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world … We will advance our technologies for forecasting disasters such as torrential rains and strengthen our information dissemination capabilities … Our goal is to establish a disaster-resil-
imperative for us to advance the building of a human-centered nation that makes it possible for each and every citizen to realize happiness … We will ensure that diplomatic and security structures, systems to make Japan a disaster-resilient nation, and crisis management arrangements to address infectious diseases and other threats are firmly set in place, and we will materialize a growth-oriented economy driven by wage increases and investment ... We will establish Japan’s agriculture, forestry, and fishery industries and its food industry … as core industries by focusing on rigorously creating high added value. We will enhance our production infrastructure through the introduction and use of smart technology, the consolidation of small plots of land into large tracts, and other initiatives to make them profitable industries … We will expand [our use of] decarbonized power sources, such as renewable energies and nuclear power, and redouble our deployment of supply hubs for hydrogen and other next-generation fuels, while efficiently developing their supply network. We will give concrete shape to our measures that help to develop decarbonized power sources while we simultaneously promote the
ient nation that prioritizes human lives and human rights, transforming Japan into the world’s foremost disaster prevention country. By sharing our disaster prevention expertise and technologies internationally, we will contribute to global disaster resilience while fostering it as a new
development of new industrial sites and related infrastructure.
We will submit draft legislation
to institutionalize growth-oriented carbon pricing … and to facilitate the transition to a circular economy …
13 globalgovernanceproject.org
// LEADERS' VIEWS
FRIEDRICH MERZ, CHANCELLOR, GERMANY
N ATO [North Atlantic Treaty has been a member of this alliance, … which is much more than an alliance of defence. It is a political alliance of transatlantic cooperation between America and Europe, and … I hope very much, and I also assume, that we will be able to maintain and further develop this transatlantic alliance in the way we’ve done over the last 75 years … … It is we, the allies, who decide about our capabilities to defend ourselves, our lives in peace and security and freedom … We know that Germany needs to do more so we took the decision … to change the constitution and make it possible to enhance defence spending. Clearly we will now be able to spend more than 1% of German GDP [gross domestic product] for defence … We can spend Organization ] has existed for 75 years. For 70 years Germany the money that needs to be spent in order to make sure we are able to defend ourselves in this alliance. I also want to say, clearly, that this is not only about more money. As a priority we will also need to look at efficiency, increasing efficiency, and I would like to say three buzzwords here: simplification, being the first; the second is standardization; the third is … economy of scale. We need to make sure that in Europe … we become more efficient in our procurement and also that we really produce more, [so] that we have this economy of scale. We need more equipment for the money that we spend … … The war of aggression Russia is waging against Ukraine is a full-front aggression, not only against territorial integrity but against the entire political order of Europe after 1990 … It is a massive attack against our political order. I am very grateful that yesterday evening I had the opportunity to have a phone call with the American president … He informed me about his plan for an unconditional ceasefire of 30 days in Ukraine. I fully agree with that. I also know that the French government, the British government and the Polish government see it the same way … Ukraine is in favour
Transatlantic resolve in Ukraine and beyond
… America has made this proposal … So the ball is exclusively in Moscow’s court right now … It’s another test case, if you will, a very precise one, about how serious the Russian president is about reaching peace in Ukraine … … Also after a peace deal Ukraine will need to get support. We will do that together and as the German government, we will continue to work for strengthening the European pillar within NATO … We will enhance our defence capacities regardless of Ukraine. In our own territorial interest, we will enhance our defence efforts … … The right answer is not money alone. This is a process that needs to go hand in hand with production capacities that need to be expanded. They need to focus on a strongly reduced number of weapon systems. We have far too many different systems that cost a lot of money. There are inefficiencies both in terms of scale and in terms of specifications that need to be reduced. We need simpler systems. I’m very interested to see what the industry in Ukraine has been doing in terms of efficient production in Ukraine over the last three years under the conditions of a war of aggression. I think we can learn so much from Ukraine. They have managed to do so many things over the last year, especially when it comes to producing drones, for example … So I will not only talk about money if we do not talk about these three topics together: simplification, standardisation and scale. That is clearly scaling up the number of fewer systems … We of course need to discuss infrastructure as well – infrastructure that we need for military means but also civilian purposes, good streets and roads and bridges for transport … … It needs to be clear that Ukraine decides in a sovereign way on the path it wants to take. It has decided to file for membership of the European Union … If Ukraine fulfills these criteria it is a welcome member within the European Union. Ukraine has to remain a sovereign actor deciding on its own political and military alliances … As spoken by an interpreter at a press conference at NATO, 9 March 2025
14 // G7 CANADA: THE KANANASKIS SUMMIT 2025
// LEADERS' VIEWS
SIR KEIR STARMER, PRIME MINISTER, UNITED KINGDOM
Security, sovereignty and stability in a changing world R ussia is a menace in our waters, in our airspace and on our streets. They have launched cyber-attacks
British people must always come first … … Our whole approach to national security must now change … We will translate defence spending into British growth, British jobs, British skills, British innovation; we will … rebuild our industrial base … So before the NATO summit in June, we will publish a single National Security Strategy and we will bring it to this House … … At moments like these in our past, Britain has stood up to be counted. It has come together, and it has demonstrated strength. That is what the security of our country needs now, and it is what this Government will deliver. Oral Statement to the House of Commons, 25 February 2025 Clearly, there will be an economic impact from the decisions the US has taken both here and globally. But … we are prepared. Indeed, one of the great strengths of this nation is our ability to keep a cool head … Nobody wins in a trade war. That is not in our national interest. And we have a fair and balanced trade relationship with the US. Negotiations on an economic prosperity deal, one that strengthens our existing trading relationship – they continue, and we will fight for the best deal for Britain. Nonetheless, … I will only strike a deal if it is in the national interest and if it is the right thing to do for the security of working people … That is my priority. That is always my priority … But nothing is off the table. We have to understand that just as with defence and security, so too for the economy and trade we are living in a changing world … … This government will do everything necessary to defend the UK’s national interest. Everything necessary to provide the foundation of security that working people need to get on with their lives. That is how we have acted – and how we will continue to act. With pragmatism. Cool and calm heads. Focused – on the national interest. Remarks to UK business leaders in Downing Street, 3 April 2025
Fourth, … we must change our national security posture. Because a generational challenge requires a generational response. That will demand some extremely difficult and painful choices … … We will deliver our commitment to spend 2.5% of GDP [gross domestic product] on defence but we will bring it forward so that we reach that level in 2027 … … We will recognise the incredible contribution of our intelligence and security services to the defence of the nation, which means, taken together, we will be spending 2.6% on defence by 2027 … Subject to economic and fiscal
on our NHS [National Health Service] – only seven years ago, a chemical weapons attack on the streets of Salisbury. We must stand by Ukraine – because if we do not achieve a lasting peace, then the economic instability, the threats to our security, they will only grow. And so, as the nature of that conflict changes … it brings our response into sharper focus … First, NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] is the bedrock of our
security – and will remain so. It has brought peace for 75 years. It is as important today as the day on which it was founded … Second, we must reject any false choice between our allies,
conditions, and aligned with our strategic and operational needs, we will also set a clear ambition for Defence spending to rise to 3% of GDP … … The UK will strengthen its position, as a leader in NATO and in the collective defence of our continent … It is good for our national security. It is also good for the defining mission of this government to restore growth to our economy … … In the short-term, it
between one side of the Atlantic or the other … The US is our most important bilateral alliance … It has survived countless external challenges in the past.
We’ve fought wars together; we’re the closest partners in trade, growth and security … But … strength in this world also depends on a new alliance with Europe. … Our commitment to European defence and security is unwavering. But now is the time to deepen it. So we will find new ways to work together on our collective interests and threats, protecting our borders, bringing our companies together, seeking out new opportunities for growth. Third, … we seek peace not conflict, and we believe in the power of diplomacy to deliver that end … But for peace to endure in Ukraine and beyond, we need deterrence. …
can only be funded through hard choices … … That means we will cut our spending on development assistance, moving from 0.5% of GNI [gross national income] today to 0.3% in 2027 fully funding our increased investment in Defence … I am proud of our pioneering record on overseas development, and we will continue to play a key humanitarian role in Sudan, in Ukraine and in Gaza, tackling climate change, supporting multinational efforts on global health and challenges like vaccination … We will do everything we can to … rebuild our capacity on development. But … the defence and security of the
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