UNIT: GEOGRAPHY
Geographic Skills
WEEK 6
PAST AND PRESENT
Why is it Important to Study Geography?
Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. The study of geography also includes how things change over time. Studying geography helps us understand the world around us. We can use geography to understand the past and answer important questions about the world and its people. Using geographic tools, such as maps, globes, graphs, diagrams, aerial and other photographs, and other geographical representations helps us to organize our thinking about the world into spatial terms. Studying geography helps us to understand history, economics, culture, and government. No matter the time period, geography has played a role in the actions of people and the events of government and economics. Wars were started over resources from the land. Location played a key role in building the colonies in the United States. Representation in government is based on regions and place. Transportation systems modified the land to bring goods and services to markets. The creation of settlements, territories, states, and nations are all linked to geography. Geographic skills and concepts can also help people solve local, state, or international problems. Studying geography can help experts answer questions concerning environmental change, population distribution, proper use of natural resources, and political discussions. Studying geography helps you to become a responsible citizen of your local community, state, and the world. You can learn about current events and apply your knowledge of geographic concepts to current events by watching the news, reading the newspaper, or researching current events using reliable and credible sources. According to former president Barack Obama: The study of geography is about more than just memorizing places on a map. It’s about understanding the complexity of our world, appreciating the diversity of cultures that exists across continents. And in the end, it’s about using all that knowledge to help bridge divides and bring people together. This week, you will practice using geographic skills and tools. As you work through this week, think of ways that geographic skills and tools can help you understand the world around you.
Why do you think it is important to study geography? Use evidence from the text to support your answer.
GUIDING QUESTION
What tools can you use to learn about a specific place?
Models of the World
the kind of information we will examine on the map. The map’s legend or key explains what the symbols and colors on the map represent. Maps have a compass rose. The compass rose is a symbol that shows the cardinal directions north, south, east, and west. The compass rose can also show the intermediate directions of northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast. Distance is how far it is from one place to another. You can tell the distance on a map by looking at the scale .
means height above sea level. They can show the population, or how many people live there. They can also show the climate, or the weather over a long period of time. The person who creates a map is called a cartographer . A cartographer has a point of view and decides what to include on a map. There are map tools that we use to help us when using maps and globes. Map tools include the title, legend, compass rose, cardinal directions, and scale. The map’s title helps us know the map’s purpose and
There are different ways we can study the world’s geography. A globe is a model of the Earth. Globes show us where water, land, and countries are located. Globes are useful when you need to see the Earth in a more accurate, spherical shape. Maps are drawings of places around the world. They show where places are located and how to get there. Maps help us find the direction we need to travel. They can show large areas like continents or small areas like cities. Maps can show elevation, which
GIS Technology
Geographic Information Systems , also known as GIS, are a way of visualizing data on maps. As soon as people invented computers capable of doing it, they began using computers to map information. If you have data or information that matches locations on a map, you can use GIS to make a visual representation of that data on a map. Looking at the data on top of a map can show new relationships and patterns that might not have seemed obvious at first. Without the ability to map and visualize data, it can be difficult to understand it. Trends and patterns in data can often be missed if you do not understand the physical
use GIS to make detailed digital models of the sites where they find these artifacts. Mapping the data through GIS allows them to visualize the entire site and find patterns they might otherwise miss. Recreating sites digitally also allows them to limit the amount they disturb fragile historical sites. County governments in the state use GIS data to identify areas threatened by natural hazards. This helps them create and share evacuation routes with citizens. It also allows the counties to share other important information like flood zones and access to important services like fire stations and schools.
relationship between the various points of information. Any information that can be mapped can be visualized through GIS. Many different careers rely on GIS data and visuals. City planners can use GIS to map the riders on public transportation like buses and subways to make sure their transportation plans meet people where they are. Biologists observe the presence of endangered species and plan protection strategies through the information they learn using GIS. Archaeologists use GIS to map the presence of historical sites and artifacts. Archaeologists dig in the ground and dive into state waters to look for artifacts. They
Colorado River
Oceans and rivers create borders.
Political Features Political features , including cities, states, and countries, are organized by where people live. Political features can be seen on a political map. Many people in the world live in cities. Cities are organized into states. States come together to
form a country. Countries are grouped together to organize continents. Political maps show the borders of cities, states, and countries. A political map can also show how some borders have been created using the features
near them. For example, oceans, rivers, and mountain ranges can also create borders of countries or states. These borders help us by showing where one area stops and a new one begins.
Types of Maps
Week 6 of 32 • Page 3
There are many different kinds of maps. You can use them to explore the world. Some maps display the characteristics of physical environments. Other maps show where people live and how they interact with their environment.
A physical map shows the natural features of an area. Natural features include landforms, mountains, valleys, lakes, and streams.
A political map shows the borders of regions, countries, states, and cities. Some political maps represent even smaller divisions, such as counties, townships, and neighborhoods.
Some maps show the climate of a region. Climate is the study of weather over time. A climate map shows whether a place is usually warm or cold and wet or dry.
Cultural maps identify community cultures and resources. These maps are used to help plan and implement the distribution of resources. Cultural maps also connect cultural groups based on their beliefs and values. Cultural maps illustrate the relationships and interactions between people, places, and the environment.
Historical maps are created to represent historical events in the time period they occurred.
A p opulation map is used to show the overall distribution of the population within a particular area or region. Most maps use colors or symbols, such as circles or stars, to represent the varying populations. Population maps are useful for the government to plan how to distribute resources.
Why is it important to use different types of maps in your study of geography?
Geographers use many tools to study the physical and human features of the Earth. We can study the features of the world from a spatial perspective. Spatial perspective is the study of geographic features of an area using multiple tools. These tools include maps, globes, and satellite images. Technology presents new and exciting ways to learn about the world. We can use GPS to help us study the world. GPS stands for Global Positioning System . It’s made up of over 18 satellites that are orbiting, or circling, the Earth in space. These satellites send information to Spatial Perspective
stations on the ground. This allows scientists to take very specific measurements of different locations all over the Earth. With the newest GPS systems, scientists can pinpoint a place on Earth to the nearest centimeter! You can also use GPS to find how long it takes to get from one place to another. Most new cars and smartphones today come with a built-in GPS receiver. By using geographic tools, we can view the world from many different perspectives. This can help us determine how things work to make a place unique.
Week 6 of 32 • Page 4
Name ________________________________________________________________________________
The Census
One tool that helps people chart population growth and decline in the United States is the census. A census is a measure of people living in a certain area. The U.S. census is the count of how many people live in the United States and is conducted every 10 years. A list of questions called a survey is sent to every home. If the survey isn’t returned, a census worker visits the home. The worker helps the people living there to fill out the survey. The survey asks who is living at the address. It also asks for important information about the people, such as their age and what they do for work. The U.S. Constitution requires a census. The House of Representatives is based on the number of people in a district or region. Regions grow or shrink in population. This causes the number of representatives to be adjusted. Census information is made public. People can use census details in many ways. Businesses can determine if they should expand or downsize. Social scientists can use the information to learn about people and communities. Individuals can use census data to find ancestors and family members. Population information is available from every census since 1790. The data is considered a primary source for research.
Create a line graph, bar graph, or table chart using the population data from your state from 1920 to 2020.
Geographers use many tools to understand the data that they gather. These include different types of charts and graphs. Using Data A line graph shows the increase or decrease of something over time.
A pie chart is another method of displaying information. A pie chart is round. It represents the total number of things counted. The slices show parts of the totals. The larger the slice, the greater the number. The smaller the slice, the smaller the number. Native American NH 5.3%
POPULATION OF MINNESOTA AND WISCONSIN, 1920-2020
Minnesota
Wisconsin
6,000,000
RACE AND ETHNIC ORIGIN GROUPS OF ARIZONA, 2020
4,000,000
Black NH 5.2% Asian NH 3.7%
2,000,000
*Note: “NH” stands for Non-Hispanic.
0
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
A bar graph is used to compare data between different groups. POPULATION OF SOUTH DAKOTA AND WYOMING, 1990-2020
South Dakota
Wyoming
1,000,000
750,000
500,000
Hispanic 31.7% White 54.1%
250,000
RACE AND ETHNIC ORIGIN GROUPS OF MISSOURI, 2020
Hispanic Asian NH Black
0
1990
2000
2010
2020
A table chart gives data in columns and rows. Each column and row is labeled with the type of information shown.
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 1920-2020 Year Population
1920............................................106,021,568 1930............................................123,202,660 1940............................................132,165,129 1950............................................151,325,798 1960............................................179,323,175 1970............................................203,211,926 1980............................................226,545,805 1990............................................248,709,873 2000............................................281,421,906 2010............................................308,745,538 2020............................................331,449,281
White
*Note: All data and information was obtained from the United States Census Bureau.
UNIT: ECONOMICS
Economic Activities
WEEK 16
PAST AND PRESENT
Economic Activities The study of economics answers three main questions: What gets produced? How is it produced? Who receives it? Every community has different types of economic activities. These are the ways people
use their natural resources to meet their needs and wants. Goods and services are provided around the world based on different economic activities. These activities include agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, life sciences, and information technology.
What are the three main questions that the study of economics answers?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What are the primary economic activities in the United States?
Agriculture is the business of growing crops and raising livestock. Agriculture impacts the goods and services in our state, country, and the world. Growing and harvesting plants and products are a part of agriculture. Examples of products that are grown are fruits, vegetables, plants, flowers, grain, and cotton. Agriculture is affected by the environment and by location. The crops and animals used for agriculture depend on temperature, rainfall, and soil. For example, climates that have sunshine and enough rain are ideal for growing wheat and corn. Natural resources are important to agriculture. Agriculture Agriculture
are important sectors of the agriculture industry. The United States is the leading producer of many different forest products. It is the second-largest exporter of wood in the world. Lumber from U.S. forests is used to make houses, furniture, pencils, paper, musical instruments, and other important items. The lumber industry contributes billions of dollars to the U.S. economy each year. Raising animals or livestock is also another part of agriculture. Examples of agricultural activities include ranching, dairy farming, and beekeeping. In the United States, cattle production is the largest of these agricultural activities. Cattle ranchers add over six billion dollars to the U.S. economy each year. Dairy cows in the United States produced about 27 billion gallons of milk in 2021.
activities in the United States. The varied climate, weather, and soil in the United States allow farmers to grow hundreds of different crops. Corn, wheat, soybeans, cotton, and hay make up the largest portion of crops grown in the United States. Corn, wheat, and soybeans are used in thousands of products and are consumed by people and animals in mass quantities. Other states are known for specific crops that they grow. Florida farmers are the largest producers of citrus fruit in the country. Apples are widely grown in Washington state. Idaho is famous for its potato farms, while sugar cane is the most lucrative agricultural product grown in Louisiana. In 2020, farmers in the United States contributed $134.7 billion to the nation’s economy. Forestry and lumber production
What are the main agricultural products grown in your state? Conduct research to find out.
is one of the main economic
Tourism Tourism is the business of encouraging people to travel for fun. Tourism is an economic activity. People travel to places different from where they live. Cities, states, and even countries have created businesses and resorts for people to shop and stay. These locations are sometimes based on a place’s unique physical characteristics. This includes places like oceans, mountains, and national parks. Some tourist attractions are human-made.
Mesa Arch, Utah
Does tourism play a large role in the economy of your state? If so, what are the major tourist destinations in your state?
Hotel Del Coronado, San Diego
Yellowstone Falls, Wyoming
Tourism changes a place’s physical environment. The more people visit a place, the more accommodations are made. Bringing in visitors requires additional roads, hotels,
restaurants, stores, and sites for people to visit. Tourism is an industry that brings a lot of money to cities, states, and countries. It strengthens the economy.
Week 16 of 32 • Page 3
Manufacturing Manufacturing is the business of using raw materials to make products or goods to sell. There are many types of manufacturing companies. Some examples of manufactured products are cars, computers, toys, and soft drinks. Some manufacturing products are made from natural resources. Others are made from human- made resources. People often work in factories to manufacture goods. They work together to make products for consumers to purchase. Workers depend on each other. They need to do their job well so the product is made correctly. One type of manufacturing is the automobile industry. To build an automobile, workers must assemble over 15,000 manufactured parts! This is done quickly and efficiently through Life Sciences Life science is a growing sector of the U.S. economy. This field, which is also referred to as the biotech industry, includes finding new ways to prevent and treat diseases, as well as designing and manufacturing medical equipment and devices. Life science companies continue to experiment, learn, and grow while helping people in many ways. The United States is a world leader in medical research and development. Research and development is the process companies use to gain new knowledge to make or improve goods and services. The purpose of research and development is to expand human understanding in a way that benefits people and the economy. There are 7,500 biotech companies in the United States that conduct research and develop products to make life easier. The United States is one of the leading countries in pharmaceutical research and development in the world. Many major medical companies have facilities in the United States, including HCA Healthcare, Mayo Clinic, Johnson & Johnson, and Pfizer Inc. Scientists and doctors at Mayo Clinic are researching and developing new ways to treat cancer, brain conditions, and other diseases. Thousands of universities in the United States have advanced research and development facilities. Research and products developed in the U.S. life science sector help millions of people each year.
an assembly line. An assembly line is a way of putting together a product in a factory by moving it along a line of workers. Each worker adds or adjusts a part until the product is finished. Once production is complete, automobiles are tested for safety. This is done before sending them to businesses where consumers can purchase them. Some products are made with parts from other countries. For example, a car plant makes cars. However, it may get a lot of parts from overseas. Parts like the car battery or the car tires could be made in another country, such as China. These parts are shipped to the U.S. to be manufactured into a car you can drive. This is known as importing. The batteries and tires are imports. The car factory in America uses them to manufacture cars.
Week 16 of 32 • Page 4
Name ________________________________________________________________________________
Information Technology
Another important section of the U.S. economy is information technology. Information technology is the study and development of computer systems to store, retrieve, and send information. Millions of people work for thousands of U.S.-based information technology companies. The largest information technology companies in the United States include Apple Inc., Microsoft, Oracle, Cisco Systems Inc., and Adobe Inc. Inventors and entrepreneurs Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak founded Apple
Computers in Silicon Valley, California. In 1975, the first build-your-own computer kit came out. Wozniak and Jobs built their first personal computer in the Jobs’ family garage. Today, Apple is one of the richest companies in the world and employs over two million people. It designs, manufactures, and sells personal computers, mobile devices, and computer software programs. In 1975, software engineers Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft. They developed software for some of the early personal
computers on the market. In 1980, Microsoft partnered with the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). Together, they developed software for personal computers. The development and distribution of personal computers skyrocketed following this partnership. Today, Microsoft is still one of the leading producers of computer software and employs over 181,000 people. These companies employ thousands of people in the United States and add billions of dollars to the country’s economy each year.
From Farm to Table: Agricultural Interdependence
The food grown on farms is transported to urban and suburban markets. The system of highways, seaports, and airports create the routes from farms to markets. Consumers purchase products from producers all over the world. This great system or network of producers and consumers is called interdependence . Each depends on the other for success. Sometimes, this is also called a supply chain. We will be learning about interdependence using corn, which is widely grown in many areas of the United States. Corn is grown across the United States, but thrives in an area known as the Corn Belt. The Corn Belt extends from Pennsylvania across the Great Plains to Colorado. Corn is grown in this region and shipped to markets across the world. Corn is used to make many products, including flour, fuel, corn syrup, and animal feed. It is also a staple crop that is sold in almost
every grocery store and market in the United States. Corn seeds are planted in the early spring. The seeds grow into stalks and the ears of corn are harvested by hand or machine between 60 to 100 days after planting. Sweet corn, which is sold in stores for consumption, is harvested in the summer, while field corn is harvested in the fall. Corn is harvested by machines. Sweet corn is harvested by a machine called a corn harvester or corn picker . The machine pulls the whole ear of corn off the stalk and collects it into a large bin. Field corn is harvested by a machine called a combine . This machine combines multiple steps in the harvesting process. It pulls the stalks from the ground, separates the ears from the rest of the plant, and discards materials that cannot be used. An average-sized combine can harvest about 300,000 ears of field corn
per hour. The farmers and laborers who operate the machinery are the human resources. The tools and machinery used to process a product are called capital resources. Large trucks transport the corn to a distribution center. Here, the corn containers are placed in shipping containers to go to airports, seaports, or trucking centers. The shipping containers are then transported to cities and towns around the world. The cost of shipping increases the farther away from the farm the corn is shipped. At the final destination, the shipping containers are unpacked. The corn is then transported to markets for consumers to purchase. All costs associated with picking, packing, transporting, and delivery are considered in determining the price. Corn is then transported in a grocery bag to homes for a delicious treat or to be used to make other goods.
A corn harvester
UNIT: GOVERNMENT
Citizens
WEEK 23
PAST AND PRESENT
A citizen is an official member of a country, state, or community. If you were born in the United States, you are a U.S. citizen. If your parents are citizens, you can become a citizen no matter where you were born. People who are born outside of the United States can choose to become a citizen. If you choose to become a citizen of the United States, the government requires specific things that must be done. To become a citizen, you must be at least 18 years old and have lived in the United States for at least five years.
You must be loyal and be willing to pledge allegiance to the United States. To pledge allegiance means to take an oath of loyalty. You must have a basic understanding of U.S. history, government, and the Constitution. In addition, you must be able to speak, read, and write English. The process of becoming a citizen has three different steps. First, you must file an application. This includes being fingerprinted, taking photographs, and providing legal
documents. Applicants must also pay a fee to submit their documents. The next step is to take the naturalization exam. This exam has two parts. It has an English test, and a U.S. history and government exam. The last step is to appear in court. You must go before a judge and ask to become a U.S. citizen. The judge listens to your reasons for wanting to become a citizen. Then, the judge will make a final decision. Once you are made a citizen, you have all the rights and duties of any other U.S. citizen.
GUIDING QUESTION
What are the rights of U.S. citizens?
Rights of Citizens
Political rights allow people to participate freely in government. People can protect their civil rights through political rights. These rights are defined in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights at the federal level. They are defined at the state level in state constitutions. Examples of political rights include: • voting • serving on a jury • holding political office • attending a protest • petitioning the government through action and/or speech • supporting a social or political issue • expressing an idea in speech and the press • joining a political party • equal access to public services Economic rights are financial choices and privileges that individuals may select without government interference. These rights enable people to make use of civil and political rights. Economic rights include the right to: • own property • change employment • operate a business • join a labor union • access polling places • meet basic wants and needs • multiple economic opportunities • not being required to pay fees and taxes based on race, gender, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation
People have many different rights. These include unalienable, civil, political, and economic rights. Rights have different functions. Unalienable rights , also called natural rights, are rights that people are born with and cannot be taken away. The Declaration of Independence defines these rights as the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Civil rights protect people from the actions of government, organizations, or other people. The United States government, organizations, and other people cannot prohibit the rights of citizens to: • vote • a fair trial by jury • government services • due process of the law (legal actions or proceedings that must be followed)
• serve in the military • serve in public office • equality through the law • assemble or petition the government
• freedom of speech • freedom of religion
• freedom of the press
Legislation that Protects the Rights of Citizens
President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
Throughout the country’s history, the federal government has passed many laws and constitutional amendments to extend, strengthen, and protect the rights of citizens.
Missouri Governor Frederick Gardner signs the resolution ratifying the 19th constitutional amendment.
Amendment or Legislation
Year Passed Purpose
13th
1865
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, withoutdue process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
Amendment
14th
1868
Amendment
15th
1869
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by
Amendment
any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
19th
1919
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” This act enforced the 15th Amendment to the Constitution and outlawed voting practices that discriminated against citizens on the basis of race.
How do each of these acts or amendments protect the rights of citizens?
Amendment
Voting Rights
1965
Act
Week 23 of 32 • Page 3
Americans with Disabilities Act
One law that protects the unalienable, civil, political, and economic rights of people living in the United States is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990. Its purpose is to “prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities in several areas, including employment, transportation, public accommodations, communications and access to state and local government programs and services.” The Americans with Disabilities Act is divided into five titles, or sections. Each title has a specific purpose. • Title I: Protects against discrimination in the workplace and ensures that people with disabilities receive appropriate accommodations in their workplace • Title II: Ensures access to services, facilities, and transportation provided by local and state governments • Title III: Prohibits discrimination in public places and requires that people with disabilities receive appropriate access to facilities • Title IV: Requires telecommunications companies to provide equal services to people with disabilities • Title V: Defines various types of disabilities and prevents retaliation by employers, organizations, other people, etc. against individuals who enforce their rights under the act By protecting unalienable, civil, political, and economic rights, governments can ensure that all citizens have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. These rights also ensure that governments cannot interfere with the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Being a Global Citizen
The world is divided into many nations. Each nation has its own governments, languages, customs, and laws. The fundamental rights of the individual and the common good of the world depend upon all citizens exercising their civic responsibilities. Citizens can exercise civic responsibility at the community, state, national, and global levels. You are a citizen of many communities. You are a member of a family, classroom, school, community, state, and nation. In addition to this, you are also a member of a global community. You are a global citizen! One way you can be a responsible global citizen is to respect other people’s rights, culture, language, customs, and laws. Just like you, people around the world have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. We call these universal human rights . This means that all people should be treated fairly and have the opportunity to meet their needs. It is important that we respect others, even if we don’t
always understand or agree with them. Across global communities, governments and citizens alike have a responsibility to protect human rights and to treat others fairly. It is important that people from all groups and cultures collaborate to find solutions to our global challenges. In an interconnected world, it is important to consider different cultural perspectives
As a citizen of many communities, you can choose to make a difference. Here's the process you should follow: • Identify a global problem. • Learn more about the problem. • Identify possible solutions to the problem and locate people or organizations that are willing to help. • Create a plan to implement the solution. • Involve other people from your community to help solve the problem.
before proposing solutions to local, state, national, and global challenges. As an active global citizen, you can research global events to find opportunities where you can make a difference. For example, you can collect needed items for victims of natural disasters around the globe. You can also spread awareness of environmental issues that impact the world.
Week 23 of 32 • Page 4
Name ________________________________________________________________________________
Explaining the Rights of Citizens Define the terms “unalienable (natural) rights,” “civil rights,” “political rights,” and “economic rights” in your own words. Research other laws that protect each of these rights. You can find information on different laws through state and federal government websites. Explain how the law protects each right.
DEFINITIONS
LAWS THAT PROTECT THESE RIGHTS
Unalienable (natural) rights:
Civil rights:
Political rights:
Economic rights:
UNIT: HISTORY
Change Over Time
WEEK 27
PAST AND PRESENT
The P & O Steamship City of Key West
Changing the World One of the major themes of history that
around them. Clothing, jewelry, and shoes were made from plant materials and animal furs and hides. They crafted tools from animal bones, stones, shells, and other natural resources. People began to create permanent settlements. They built cities, cultivated and harvested crops, and established trade networks. Over time, many people began to explore areas of the world that were unknown to them. New forms of transportation and technology made travel easier. Explorers established extensive trade routes that spanned oceans and continents. The discovery of new resources led to more goods in markets. Goods became more readily available. People began to look for new ways to make people’s lives easier. They
invented new forms of technology to make transportation, medicine, education, entertainment, and all areas of life safer, more affordable, and better. One thing that has changed greatly over time is the use of energy and its production. Energy and people’s uses of energy have changed dramatically throughout history. Over time, sources of energy have changed. Thousands of years ago, people relied solely on the environment for energy. They used the sun and moon to find their way while they traveled. They used fire to warm their homes and cook their food. As people gained access to new resources, they began to search for new forms of energy. Scientific advancement has led to the forms of energy we now enjoy today.
historians, archeologists, and other scholars study is how things change over time. They used artifacts, primary sources, and other pieces of evidence to study the way life has changed. People, families, communities, states, and countries experience many changes over time. The food people eat, the way people make a living, and the resources they use all change. Homes, transportation, and products change. Traditions, cultural customs, and beliefs also change. For thousands of years, people relied on the natural resources in their environment to survive. They hunted, fished, and gathered food from their environment. They built shelters and homes from the available resources
GUIDING QUESTION A dam releasing water for a hydroelectric power plant
How do goods and services help people meet their needs and wants?
Energy Source Research Choose one of the sources of energy you read about. Conduct a short research project. Identify the pros and cons of your energy source. What are the effects on the land, environment, and communities?
Positives
Energy/Light Source
Negatives
• not available on cloudy days or at night
sunlight
• available all day
moonlight
• available at night
• moon phases
• plants/animals have to be processed to make liquid • fast burn • odor • unsafe
• portable light • provided light
plant or animal oil lamp
• portable • made in quantity • provided light
• fast burn • unsafe
candles
• portable • made in quantity • design provides greater light • safe • much brighter than oil lanterns • safe • bulbs last longer than candles or lamps • creates a yellow light like sunshine
• oil-processing • odor • unsafe • dirty
oil lanterns
• has to be connected to a generator through wires
• cost of installation and use • replacements necessary • creates great heat • cost of creating electricity • light pollution
electric lights
• light can be used as pulses to create signals • cool to the touch
• expensive to create and install
fiber optics
• brightness level is high. • longer life span of bulb. • less energy to illuminate.
• color display is not natural • emits a blue-white light • light pollution
light-emitting diode (LED)
Week 27 of 32 • Page 3
Lighting the night created opportunities for entrepreneurs. An entrepreneur is a person who organizes and operates a business. Lighting the night created opportunities for many businesses. Candles Candlestick makers found opportunities to make more candles. Candle making was a long process of dipping a wick into liquid wax. The wax would harden. The candle would be dipped again and again. Candles got used up quickly. People needed many candles in a week to illuminate the night. Oil Edwin Drake drilled into the earth and discovered oil in 1859. Drake proved getting oil was possible. He sparked additional drilling. The nation’s fuel and energy source changed quickly. Oil has to be processed. With oil, we make products like kerosene, gasoline, and lamp oil. Drilling for oil opened many new opportunities for entrepreneurs. Electricity Electricity has been studied for centuries. Benjamin Franklin conducted experiments with lightning. Franklin’s experiments were published in 1751. Franklin developed the terms we use today in learning about electricity. Michael Faraday discovered that electricity could be The Business of Energy
produced by a motor. Faraday built a motor, generator, and transformers. All of these things could create electricity safely. Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. Edison found a way to use electricity to create light inside a glass bulb. The light bulb was safer than candles because it had no open flame. Nikola Tesla designed the way to get electricity safely across long distances. Tesla teamed up with George Westinghouse to build the first electric power plant generator. Electricity was created by a generator. The generator was powered by moving water, or burning coal or oil. Wires were put on towers from power plants. Wires strung from tower to tower moved electricity safely to homes and businesses. Homes were wired for electricity from the towers. Edison’s light bulbs were now paired with Tesla’s electric current. In 1893,
the Chicago World’s Fair became the first public place to be illuminated at night by electricity.
Nikola Tesla in his lab
How has energy production and
consumption changed at the White House? Underline evidence in the article to answer the question.
The History of Electricity at the White House
1979: Energy production moved toward conservation with the installation of solar panels on the roof of the west wing. The solar panels were installed to heat the water in the White House staff cafeteria and dining area. 1993: Upon moving into the White House, President Bill Clinton attempted to conserve energy through various projects. Energy- efficient windows were installed, a new air conditioning system replaced the old, ineffective system, and all the lightbulbs were replaced with energy-efficient bulbs. 2003: Toward the end of his first term in office, President George W. Bush installed the first solar electric system in the White House, which included 167 solar panels on the roof of the maintenance facility to power the building. Solar systems were also installed to heat the water for the White House pool and spa. 2008: The famous lantern on the White House portico was updated and new light-emitting diode (LED) lights were installed. LED light bulbs use 75 percent less energy and last 25 times longer than incandescent light bulbs. 2014: Solar panels were installed on the main building of the White House during President Barack Obama’s second term in office, providing 6.3 kilowatts of solar energy. This is enough energy to power a 2,000 square-foot home.
The White House was originally constructed in 1792 to serve as the home of the president of the United States. The White House has gone through extensive changes during its over 200-year history. One of the greatest changes was the energy source that powered one of the most important buildings in the United States. The first sources of energy used in the White House were candles and eventually oil lamps. That all changed with the introduction of electricity in 1891. Sept. 14, 1891: Electricity was first installed in the White House. At this time, many people were afraid that they would be electrocuted by the electric surge of energy running through their homes and businesses. President Benjamin Harrison and his wife Caroline were no exception. They feared that they would be electrocuted by this new source of energy and refused to touch the light switches themselves. 1926: During the presidency of Calvin Coolidge, the first electric refrigerator was installed in the White House. 1933: Air conditioning was installed in the private rooms of the White House during Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first term in office. 1948-1952: The White House underwent a major renovation. New electrical systems were installed throughout and updated fixtures and features were added.
Week 27 of 32 • Page 4
Name ________________________________________________________________________________
Types of Resources
Chernobyl disaster, 1986
The Nuclear Age During the 1960s, nuclear power plants were built. Nuclear energy is created when atoms are split in a reactor. The energy is then made into electricity. The electricity is then delivered through the wiring system created by Tesla and Westinghouse. Nuclear power can be dangerous if the nuclear reactor is damaged. Such damage would affect millions of people over thousands of miles. Wind and Solar Today, many entrepreneurs are using motors to create electricity. The motors are powered by the wind, using wind turbines. The wind turns propeller-like blades that spin
the motor to create electricity. Energy from the sun is also being used to create electricity with solar panels. Private individuals can have wind and solar power on their land. The energy created can be used by the individual or in small family communities. There are laws and regulations in place to protect consumers when Thin strands of glass can be used to transport light pulses across distances. The strands are bundled together to look like wire. Fiber optics technology provides homes and businesses with internet, phone, and television services. buying energy. Fiber Optics
Alta Wind Energy Center
What are the most common types of energy sources you use in your everyday life?
Rice Dryer Solar Farm
Energy Source Research Choose one of the sources of energy you read about. Conduct a short research project. Identify the pros and cons of your energy source. What are the effects on the land, environment, and communities?
Nuclear power plant
6.1
Unit Summary: Students will learn about geographic skills in order to interpret information from various tools and resources. Students will learn to distinguish between physical and human characteristics of the United States. Additionally, students will learn about the ways in which people interact with, depend on, and modify their environment to meet their needs and wants. As a culminating activity, students will use the information they learned in this unit to conduct a guided inquiry to explore the physical and human characteristics of their state.
Unit Standards: N/A Table of Contents: Week 6: Geographic Skills Week 7: Location Week 8: Physical Characteristics Week 9: Regions of the United States Week 10: Human Characteristics Week 11: Movement Week 12: Culture Week 13: Guided Inquiry: Physical and Human Characteristics of My State Unit Essential Question: Why is it important to study geography?
Unit Learning Objective: With guidance and support, the student will learn about the tools and terms of geography so they can determine the geographic characteristics of their state. Unit “I Can” Statement: I can determine the geographic characteristics of my state. Unit Assessment: The assessment for this unit is a presentation of inquiry results. There is an Inquiry Rubric for this presentation linked to Week 13. Students should answer the following inquiry question: What are the physical and human characteristics of your state?
Geographic Skills | Week 6
6.2
Summary of the Week: Students will learn about the tools geographers use to study a place, including maps, globes, satellite images, and data. Standards: N/A Teacher Background Knowledge: Using geographic tools and skills will help students understand the world around them. Students should be able to use map tools to organize information from a map and describe the spatial organization of local communities, states, and countries. Students will use vocabulary terms associated with geography to understand the concept of where they are. Students will use tools that encourage them to look at the world from multiple perspectives. Notes for Teacher: ● The sequence of articles in this week is designed to build and support the learning of concepts for students. ● There are several opportunities in this week’s articles and lesson plans to make connections to grade level math concepts and standards. ● The lesson plan for the article “GIS Technology” requires additional materials that may not be readily available in a classroom. These items will need to be purchased and prepared ahead of time. Materials include: ○ 2-3 loaves of sandwich bread ○ three cans of chocolate frosting ○ three cans of vanilla frosting ○ one bottle of green food dye (to dye the vanilla frosting green) ○ clear plastic straws ○ plastic spoons ○ paper or plastic plates Essential Question: What tools can you use to learn about a specific place? Learning Objective: Students can use the tools of geographers to describe the location of a place. “I Can” Statement: I can use the tools of geographers to describe the location of a place.
Geographic Skills | Week 6
6.3
Student Edition Vocabulary and Phrases:
bar graph : used to compare data between different groups cartographer : a person who creates maps and decides what to include on them census: a measure of people living in a certain area climate map : a map that shows whether a place is usually warm or cold and wet or dry compass rose : a symbol that shows the cardinal directions cultural maps : maps that identify community cultures and resources geography : the study of places, the relationships between people and their environments, and how things change over time Global Information Systems (GIS): a system that creates, manages, analyzes and maps data Global Positioning System (GPS): a system made up of over 18 satellites sending information to stations on the ground, allowing scientists to take very specific measurements of different locations all over the Earth globe : a model of the Earth showing where water, land, and countries are located historical maps : maps that were drawn or printed in the past and are used to show geographical ideas of the times and places in which they were produced legend or key : explains what the symbols and colors on a map represent line graph: a graph that uses lines to show the increase or decrease of something over time map : drawings of places around the world that show where places are located and how to get there physical map : a map that shows the natural features of an area pie chart: type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole political features: features organized by where people live, such as cities, states, and countries political map : a map that shows the borders of regions, countries, states, and cities population map : a map used to show the overall distribution of the population within a particular area or region scale : shows the distance on a map spatial perspective: the study of geographic features of an area using multiple tools, such as maps, globes, and satellite images table chart: gives data in columns and rows; each column and row is labeled with the type of information shown Language for Social Studies Learning: N/A Critical Thinking Questions: ● Why is it important to analyze a place, event, time period, etc., from multiple perspectives?
Geographic Skills | Week 6
6.4
● Introduce the question “Can a map tell a story?” Through this question, students can explore the variety of information people may learn from a map. Let’s Draw or Write: ● Ask students to write a paragraph about one of the types of maps they have learned about and how it helps them study different areas of the United States from a spatial perspective. ● Write about your town or city, and describe it using geographic terms. You should also include information about the types of homes, jobs, recreation, location, and natural resources in your community or city. Wellness Questions: ● How does understanding location help you protect yourself? (Answers will vary but should demonstrate that students understand they need to know how to describe their location if they are lost.) ● When might it be useful to know how to read a map? (Answers will vary and should discuss the use of maps during an emergency when technology is not available. Possible answers can also discuss the difference between GPS and physical maps.) ● Draw a map of your home. Create a key that shows what parts of your home are important to you. ● How does the geography of your hometown impact your life? Consider your physical, mental, emotional, social, and academic wellness in your answer. (Answers will vary and should demonstrate the student’s understanding of the way geography impacts wellness.) Weekly Assessment Questions: 1. Matching: Match each piece of information to the map that contains it. annual rainfall data: climate map
how many people live in a region: population map community cultures and resources: cultural map state borders: political map
2. Open response: Study the graph of census data.
A construction company wants to expand. Should the company open offices in Minnesota and Wisconsin? Support the answer with evidence from the graph. (Yes, the population is increasing, so more buildings will need to be built.) 3. A school is comparing test scores of fourth graders over several years. Each year is Geographic Skills | Week 6
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