1 Table of contents 2046

2015 Wildlife Action Plan Inc Addendums 1 (2020) + 2 (2022)

2020 Addendum 1 to 2015 NCWAP		1
Contents		5
Notes and Acknowledgements		4
List of Figures		23
List of Tables		25
1. Introduction		31
1.1 The Origin of Wildlife Action Plans		31
1.2 State Wildlife Grants Eligibility and Requirements		32
1.3 From 2005 to 2015—Revision of North Carolina’s WildlifeAction Plan		32
1.3.1 Incorporating Climate Change		33
1.3.2 Revision Approach and Methods		33
1.3.3 Report Organization and Format		34
Addendum 1 Introduction		39
1.3.4 Addendum 1		37
1.3.5 Minor Revision Roadmap		39
Table A1-1 Minor Revision Road Map		40
Addendum 2 Introduction		47
1.4 Addendum 2		47
1.4.1 Report Organization and Format		47
1.4.2 Major Revision Roadmap		49
Table A2-1 Addendum 2 Revision Road Map		49
References		53
2. The Need for Conservation		55
2.1 Introduction		55
2.2 Population Changes		55
2.3 Natural Resources Changes		57
2.3.1 Land Cover and Land Use Changes		57
2.3.2 Protected Species		60
2.3.3 Endangered Ecosystems		63
2.3.4 Critical Areas for Freshwater Conservation		64
2.4 Uncertainty of Future Conditions		65
2.5 Conclusion		67
Chapter 2 Conservation Need Addendum 1		70
2.7 Case Study – How Conservation Actions Help Protect Species: TheConservation Aquaculture Center (CAC) and Aquatic Species Propagationand Restocking		70
References		72
3. North Carolina’s Wildlife		75
3.1 Introduction		75
3.1.1 Regulatory Authority for Wildlife		76
3.1.2 Evaluation and Identification of Priority Species		79
3.1.3 Species and Habitat Associations		83
3.1.4 Population Objectives		83
3.2 Amphibians		85
3.2.1 Introduction		85
3.2.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species		90
3.2.3 Conservation Concerns		91
3.2.4 Knowledge Gaps		92
3.2.5 Management Needs		93
3.2.6 Threats and Problems		95
3.2.7 Additional Information		95
3.2.8 Recommendations		97
3.3 Birds		100
3.3.1 Introduction		100
3.3.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species		104
3.3.3 Conservation Concerns		106
3.3.4 Knowledge Gaps		112
3.3.5 Management Needs		115
3.3.6 Threats and Problems		117
3.3.7 Additional Information		119
3.3.8 Recommendations		120
3.4 Crayfishes		128
3.4.1 Introduction		128
3.4.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species		130
3.4.3 Conservation Concerns		132
3.4.4 Knowledge Gaps		132
3.4.5 Management Needs		134
3.4.6 Threats and Problems		135
3.4.7 Additional Information		136
3.4.8 Recommendations		137
3.5 Freshwater Fish		138
3.5.1 Introduction		138
3.5.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species		140
3.5.3 Conservation Concerns		144
3.5.4 Knowledge Gaps		145
3.5.5 Management Needs		145
3.5.7 Additional Information		148
3.5.8 Recommendations		148
3.6 Freshwater Mussels		150
3.6.1 Introduction		150
3.6.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species		151
3.6.3 Conservation Concerns		153
3.6.4 Knowledge Gaps		154
3.6.5 Management Needs		155
3.6.6 Threats and Problems		157
3.6.7 Additional Information		158
3.6.8 Recommendations		159
3.7 Mammals		161
3.7.1 Introduction		161
3.7.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species		162
3.7.3 Conservation Concerns		165
3.7.4 Knowledge Gaps		166
3.7.5 Management Needs		168
3.7.6 Threats and Problems		168
3.7.7 Additional Information		169
3.7.8 Recommendations		170
3.8 Reptiles		172
3.8.1 Introduction		172
3.8.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species		179
3.8.3 Conservation Concerns		179
3.8.4 Knowledge Gaps		181
3.8.5 Management Needs		181
3.8.6 Threats and Problems		183
3.8.7 Additional Information		183
3.8.8 Recommendations		184
3.9 Snails		187
3.9.1 Introduction		187
3.9.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species		192
3.9.3 Conservation Concerns		192
3.9.4 Knowledge Gaps		193
3.9.5 Management Needs		194
3.9.6 Threats and Problems		197
3.9.7 Additional Information		199
3.9.8 Recommendations		200
3.10 Marine Species		202
3.10.1 Introduction		202
3.10.2 Federal Regulations		203
3.10.3 State Regulations		204
3.10.4 Conservation Concerns		205
3.10.5 Knowledge Gaps		206
3.10.6 Management Needs		207
3.10.7 Threats and Problems		208
3.10.8 Additional Information		211
3.10.9 Recommendations		212
3.11 Pelagic Seabirds		214
3.11.1 Introduction		214
3.11.2 Conservation Concerns		215
3.11.3 Knowledge Gaps		217
3.11.4 Management Needs		218
3.11.5 Threats and Problems		219
3.11.6 Additional Information		220
3.11.7 Recommendations		221
3.12 Insects		223
3.12.3 Knowledge Gaps		231
3.12.4 Management Needs		231
3.12.5 Threats and Problems		234
3.12.6 Additional Information		235
3.12.7 Recommendations		236
References		237
3.13 Addendum 1		257
3.13.1 Mid-term Species Evaluation and Ranking		257
3.13.1.2 Taxonomy Updates		257
3.13.1.3 Regional Updates		257
3.13.2 Amphibians		258
3.13.3 Birds		260
3.13.4 Crayfish		263
3.13.5 Freshwater Fishes		264
3.13.6 Freshwater Mussels		268
3.13.7 Mammals		269
3.13.8 Reptiles		272
3.13.9 Snails		273
3.13.10 Insects		275
3.14 References		277
3.15 Addendum 2		281
3.15 Plants		281
3.15.1 Introduction		281
3.15.1.1 Federal Regulations		282
3.15.1.2 State Regulations		283
3.15.2 Evaluation and Identification of Plant SGCN		283
3.15.3 Conservation Concerns		283
3.15.4 Knowledge Gaps		284
3.15.5 Threats and Problems		285
3.15.6 Management Needs		286
3.15.7 Additional Information		287
3.15.8 Recommendations		288
3.15.9 References		290
4. Habitats		293
4.1 Introduction		293
4.1.1 Natural Community Descriptions		295
4.1.2 Natural Community Priorities		297
4.1.3 Species and Habitat Associations		300
4.2 Aquatic Communities		301
4.2.1 Problems Affecting Aquatic Communities		303
4.2.2 Recommendations		308
4.2.3 Coldwater Streams		312
4.2.4 Coolwater Streams		319
4.2.5 Warmwater Streams		325
4.2.6 Groundwater, Springs, and Subterranean Water Systems		329
4.2.7 Headwater Streams/Small Creeks		333
4.2.8 Large Creeks/Small Rivers		341
4.2.9 Medium River Communities		349
4.2.10 Large River Communities		355
4.2.11 Stream Swamp Systems		363
4.2.12 Natural Lakes		371
4.2.13 Reservoirs & Impoundments		377
4.2.14 Estuarine Aquatic Communities		384
4.3 Wetland Natural Communities		394
4.3.1 Bogs and Fens		395
4.3.2 Estuarine Wetland Communities		402
4.3.3 Floodplains—Blackwater Systems		408
4.3.4 Floodplains—Brownwater Systems		416
4.3.5 Floodplains—Inland Systems		421
4.3.6 Freshwater Tidal Wetlands		429
4.3.7 Nonalluvial Mineral Wetlands		434
4.3.8 Pocosins		441
4.3.9 Upland Pools and Depressions		448
4.3.10 Upland Seepages and Spray Cliffs		455
4.3.11 Wet Pine Savannas		460
4.4 Terrestrial Communities		466
4.4.1 Caves and Mines		467
4.4.2 Spruce–Fir Forests		474
4.4.3 Northern Hardwood Forests		481
4.4.4 Cove Forests		487
4.4.5 Mafic Glades and Barrens		493
4.4.6 Grass and Heath Balds		497
4.4.7 High-Elevation Cliffs and Rock Outcrops		501
4.4.8 Low Elevation Flatrocks, Cliffs, and Rock Outcrops		506
4.4.9 Mesic Forests		514
4.4.10 Piedmont and Mountain Dry Coniferous Woodlands		519
4.4.11 Oak and Mixed Hardwood/Pine Forests and Managed Timber		524
4.4.12 Montane Oak Forests		532
4.4.13 Dry Longleaf Pine Communities		539
4.4.14 Maritime Forests		544
4.4.15 Maritime Grasslands, Dunes, and Beaches		550
4.4.16 Sand, Shell, and Wrack Active Shoreline		557
4.4.17 Successional Communities (Herb, Shrub, Woody)		563
4.4.18 Sparsely Settled Mixed Habitats		573
4.4.19 Piedmont and Coastal Plain Oak Forest -2022 Addendum 2		579
4.5 River Basins		578
4.5.1 Introduction		578
4.5.2 Aquatic Biodiversity and Imperilment		593
4.5.3 Aquatic Conservation Priorities, Strategies, and Recommendations		594
4.5.4 Broad River Basin		602
4.5.5 Cape Fear River Basin		610
4.5.6 Catawba River Basin		618
4.5.7 Chowan River Basin		626
4.5.8 French Broad River Basin		634
4.5.9 Hiwassee River Basin		645
4.5.10 Little Tennessee River Basin		654
4.5.11 Lumber River Basin		663
4.5.12 Neuse River Basin		671
4.5.13 New River Basin		681
4.5.14 Pasquotank River Basin		688
4.5.15 Roanoke River Basin		696
4.5.16 Savannah River Basin		704
4.5.17 Tar–Pamlico River Basin		710
4.5.18 Watauga River Basin		720
4.5.19 White Oak River Basin		726
4.5.20 Yadkin — Pee Dee River Basin		733
References		741
5. Threats and Emerging Concerns		769
5.1 Introduction		769
5.2 Threats, Stressors, and Emerging Concerns		769
5.3 Residential and Commercial Development		772
5.3.1 Anticipated Impacts		774
5.3.2 SGCN Priority Species		776
5.4 Agriculture and Aquaculture		777
5.4.1 Agriculture—Anticipated Impacts		778
5.4.2 Aquaculture—Anticipated Impacts		779
5.4.3 Silviculture—Anticipated Impacts		780
5.4.4 SGCN Priority Species		781
5.5 Energy Production and Mining		783
5.5.1 Biomass and Biofuels—Anticipated Impacts		783
5.5.2 Coal Energy—Anticipated Impacts		785
5.5.3 Oil and Gas Extraction—Anticipated Impacts		786
5.5.4 Hydropower—Anticipated Impacts		788
5.5.5 Mining and Quarries—Anticipated Impacts		789
5.5.6 Nuclear Energy—Anticipated Impacts		790
5.5.7 Solar Energy—Anticipated Impacts		791
5.5.8 Wind Energy—Anticipated Impacts		792
5.5.9 SGCN Priority Species		793
5.6 Transportation and Service Corridors		794
5.6.1 Anticipated Impacts		795
5.6.2 SGCN Priority Species		796
5.7 Biological Resource Use		797
5.7.1 Anticipated Impacts		797
5.7.2 SGCN Priority Species		798
5.8 Human Intrusions and Disturbance		799
5.8.1 Anticipated Impacts		799
5.8.2 SGCN Priority Species		801
5.9 Natural System Modifications		802
5.9.1 Anticipated Impacts		802
5.9.2 SGCN Priority Species		804
5.10 Invasive and Other Problematic Species and Genes		806
5.10.1 Aquatic Systems—Anticipated Impacts		807
5.10.2 Terrestrial Systems—Anticipated Impacts		809
5.10.3 SGCN Priority Species		812
5.11 Pollution and Contaminants		813
5.11.1 Sewage, Solid Wastes, and Effluents—Anticipated Impacts		814
5.11.2 Chemicals and Toxic Compounds—Anticipated Impacts		815
5.11.3 Airborne Pollutants—Anticipated Impacts		815
5.11.4 Excess Energy—Anticipated Impacts		816
5.11.5 SGCN Priority Species		817
5.12 Climate Change		819
5.12.1 Sea Level Rise—Anticipated Impacts		819
5.12.2 Temperature Changes—Anticipated Impacts		822
5.12.3 Precipitation Changes—Anticipated Impacts		823
5.12.4 SGCN Priority Species		824
5.13 Disease and Pathogens		826
5.13.1 Amphibians—Anticipated Impacts		827
5.13.2 Birds—Anticipated Impacts		828
5.13.3 Crayfishes—Anticipated Impacts		829
5.13.4 Mammals—Anticipated Impacts		829
5.13.5 Reptiles—Anticipated Impacts		830
5.13.6 Freshwater Fishes—Anticipated Impacts		831
5.13.7 Pollinators—Anticipated Impacts		832
5.13.8 SGCN Priority Species		832
References		833
6. Conservation Goals and Priorities in North Carolina		851
6.1 Introduction		851
6.2 Planning and Implementing Conservation		851
6.2.1 Developing Conservation Goals		852
6.2.2 Conservation Goals Framework		853
6.2.3 Conservation Funding Resources		853
6.2.4 Conservation Tools and Data Resources		857
6.3 Conservation Opportunities and Incentives		860
6.3.1 Private Lands and Conservation Incentives		860
6.3.2 Public Land Stewardship		864
6.3.3 Education and Outreach		870
6.3.4 Technical Guidance, Rules, and Regulations		880
6.3.5 Partnerships and Cooperative Efforts		883
6.4 Federal Conservation Partners		884
6.4.1 US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)		884
6.4.2 US Forest Service (USFS)		885
6.4.3 National Park Service (NPS)		886
6.4.4 Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)		886
6.4.5 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries		887
6.4.6 US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)		888
6.4.7 US Geological Survey (USGS)		889
6.4.8 US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)—Wilmington District		890
6.4.9 Department of Defense (DOD)		891
6.5 State Conservation Partners		892
6.5.1 NC Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC)		893
6.5.2 NC Museum of Natural Sciences (NCMNS)		894
6.5.3 NC Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP)		895
6.5.4 NC Division of Marine Fisheries (NCDMF)		895
6.5.5 NC Division of Coastal Management (NCDCM)		896
6.5.6 NC Division of Water Resources (NCDWR)		897
6.5.7 NC Division of Mitigation Services (NCDMS)		899
6.5.8 NC Division of Energy, Mineral and Land Resources (NCDEMLR)		899
6.5.9 NC Division of Parks and Recreation (NCDPR)		899
6.5.10 North Carolina Aquariums		900
6.5.11 NC Zoological Park (Zoo)		901
6.5.12 Office of Environmental Education and Public Affairs		901
6.5.13 NC Forest Service (NCFS)		901
6.5.14 Plant Conservation Program (PCP)		902
6.5.15 Division of Soil and Water Conservation (S&WC)		903
6.5.16 Plant Industry Division, Apiary Program		903
6.5.17 NC Department of Transportation (NCDOT)		904
6.6 Native American Indian Lands		904
6.7 Land Trusts and Private Conservation Organizations		905
6.7.1 Audubon North Carolina		905
6.7.2 North Carolina Wildlife Federation (NCWF)		906
6.7.3 The Conservation Trust for North Carolina (CTNC)		906
6.7.4 The Nature Conservancy (TNC)		906
6.8 Local and Municipal Programs		907
6.9 Other Statewide Conservation Partners and Initiatives		908
6.9.1 Albemarle-Pamlico National Estuary Partnership (APNEP)		908
6.9.2 Albemarle-Pamlico Conservation and Communities Collaborative (AP3C)		909
6.9.3 Appalachian Mountains Joint Venture (AMJV)		909
6.9.4 Atlantic Coast Joint Venture (ACJV)		910
6.9.5 Blue Ridge Forever		911
6.9.6 Cape Fear Arch Conservation Collaborative (CFACC)		911
6.9.7 Cape Fear River Partnership (CFRP)		912
6.9.8 Chatham Conservation Partnership (CCP)		913
6.9.9 Eastern Brook Trout Joint Venture (EBTJV)		913
6.9.10 Eastern North Carolina/Southeastern Virginia (ENC/SEVA) Strategic HabitatConservation Team		913
6.9.11 Greater Uwharrie Conservation Partnership (GUCP)		914
6.9.12 NC Longleaf Coalition		914
6.9.13 NC Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (NCPARC)		914
6.9.14 NC Partners In Flight (NCPIF)		916
6.9.15 NC Prescribed Fire Council		916
6.9.16 NC Sandhills Conservation Partnership (NCSCP)		916
6.9.17 Onslow Bight Conservation Forum		917
6.9.18 Piedmont Prairie Partnership		918
6.9.19 Robust Redhorse Conservation Committee (RRCC)		918
6.9.20 Southeast Aquatic Resources Partnership (SARP)		919
6.9.21 Upper Neuse River Basin Association (UNRBA)		919
6.9.22 Upper Tar Collaboration		919
6.9.23 WakeNature Preserves Partnership		919
References		920
Chapter 6 Conservation Strategies and Programs Addendum 1		923
7. Monitoring		924
7.1 Introduction		924
7.1.1 Monitoring on Public Lands		926
7.1.2 Monitoring Coordination and Data Sharing		926
7.1.3 Indicators and Targets		929
7.2 Monitoring Protocols		929
7.2.1 Amphibians and Reptiles		929
7.2.2 Aquatic Species		931
7.2.3 Birds		932
7.2.4 Mammals		933
7.3 Species Monitoring		933
7.3.1 Amphibians and Reptiles		935
7.3.2 Aquatic Species		935
7.3.3 Birds		936
7.3.4 Mammals		937
7.4 Habitat Monitoring		937
7.4.1 Terrestrial Habitat Monitoring Programs		938
7.4.2 Aquatic Habitats Monitoring		940
References		944
8. Review, Coordination,Revision, and Next Steps		947
8.1 Introduction		947
8.2 Required 10-Year Comprehensive Review and Revision		948
8.2.1 Climate Change Workshop (2010)		948
8.2.2 Regional Workshops (2011)		949
8.2.3 Incorporating Best Practice Recommendations (2012)		949
8.2.4 Technical Review and Revision (2012–2015)		950
8.2.5 Public Review and Comment (2014–2015)		952
8.3 Future Review and Revision		954
8.3.1 Short-term Revisions		955
8.3.2 Planned Interim and Comprehensive Revision		955
References		957
APPENDIXES		958
A. Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Glossary		961
Abbreviations & Acronyms		961
Glossary		967
B. Executive Summary		976
C. Key Participants and Letters of Support		984
Key Participants		984
WAP Coordinator		984
WAP Steering Committee		984
Technical Team		985
Taxa Teams		985
Ranking Criteria Work Group		986
ad Hoc Committees, Work Groups, and Peer Review Assistance		989
Workshops		991
Draft Review		993
Volunteers and Contributions (In-Kind and Donations)		993
North Carolina Wildlife Federation Letter of Support		994
North Carolina Chapter of the American Fisheries Society Letter of Support		995
U.S. Dept. of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Letter of Acknowledgement		996
Public Review and Peer Review Media Announcement		997
CA-2: Addendum 2, Key Participants and Letters		1001
D. How to Use Informationin the NC WAP		1017
Example 1: How to Use Information in the NC Wildlife Action Plan		1016
Example 2: How to Use Information in the NC Wildlife Action Plan		1018
E. Common and Scientific Names		1021
Invasive or Nonnative Species		1021
Native Plant Species Common and Scientific Names		1023
F. Wildlife Action Plan 2015 Revision Process White Paper		1024
Introduction1		1024
2005 Prioritization Process		1025
Review and Revision of the 2005 Prioritization Process		1026
2015 Prioritization Process		1028
Conclusion and Acknowledgments		1031
Ranking Criteria Development		1031
Peer-Review Participants		1032
2015 Ranking Criteria Metrics		1033
A. Conservation Need Category		1033
Global and Regional Status		1034
North Carolina Status		1036
B. Knowledge Gap Category		1043
C. Management Concerns Category		1047
Timber Operations can be Evaluated Under Different Threat Categories		1059
References		1059
G. 2015 Taxa TeamEvaluation Results		1063
AMPHIBIANS		1064-1065
BIRDS		1086-1087
CRAYFISH		1150-1151
FRESHWATER MUSSELS		1156-1157
MAMMALS		1160-1161
REPTILES		1172-1173
AQUATIC SNAILS		1184-1185
TERRESTRIAL SNAILS		1200-1201
GA-1: Addendum 1 Appendix GA Taxa Team Evaluation Results		1245
Appendix GA1-1 AMPHIBIANS		1246-1247
Appendix GA1-2 BIRDS		1268-1269
Appendix GA1-3 CRAYFISH		1332-1333
Appendix GA1-4 FRESHWATER FISHES		1338-1339
Appendix GA1-5 FRESHWATER MUSSELS		1374-1375
Appendix GA1-6 MAMMALS		1378-1379
Appendix GA1-7 REPTILES		1390-1391
Appendix GA1-8 AQUATIC SNAILS		1402-1403
Appendix GA1-8 TERRESTRIAL SNAILS		1418-1419
H. Habitat Associations		1461
Aquatic SGCN Habitat Associations by Ecoregion		1464-1465
Terrestrial SGCN Habitat Associations by Ecoregion		1488-1489
HA-1: Addendum 1 Habitat Associations		1596
Aquatic SGCN Habitat Associations		1598-1599
AMPHIBIANS		1622-1623
BIRDS		1636-1637
MAMMALS		1676-1677
REPTILES		1692-1693
SNAILS		1704-1705
HA-2: Addendum 2 Plant SGCN-Habitat Associations		1731
I. North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI)		1850
Audubon North Carolina Important Bird Areas		1850
J. Priority 12-Digit HUCs by River Basin		1852
K. Objectives and Example Strategies and Priority Actions		1868
L. Federal Programs andInformation Resources		1872
L-1 USFWS Programs and Information Sources		1872
Endangered Species		1872
Partners for Fish & Wildlife		1872
Safe Harbor Agreements		1872
Fish and Aquatic Conservation (National Fish Habitat Partnerships)		1872
Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plans (CCP)		1872
Coastal Program		1872
Environmental Contaminants Program		1873
Migratory Bird Program		1873
Forest Landbird Legacy Program		1873
Project Planning and Consultation		1873
Geospatial Services		1873
L-2 USFS Programs and Information Resources		1873
USFS Region 8, National Forests of the South		1874
Forest Inventory and Analysis		1874
Land and Resource Management Plans		1874
Resource Management		1874
Resource Planning		1874
Template for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Management Options (TACCIMO)		1875
FSGeodata Clearinghouse		1875
L-3 National Park Service in NC		1875
National Park Service Publications		1875
Planning, Environment, & Public Comment		1875
Inventory & Monitoring		1876
Natural Resource Publications Management		1876
Data and Information		1876
L-4 NRCS Programs and Information Resources		1876
NRCS in North Carolina Technical Resources		1876
National Resources Inventory		1876
Natural Resource Conservation Programs		1877
Long Leaf Pine Initiative		1877
Plants and Animals		1877
Geospatial Data Gateway		1877
L-5 NOAA-Fisheries Programs and Information Resources		1878
NOAA Fisheries, Beaufort Lab		1878
NC Coastal Reserve & National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR)		1878
National Center for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Fisheries andHabitat Research		1878
Maps and GIS Data		1878
L-6 USEPA Programs and Information Resources		1878
Watershed Conservation Approaches and Tools		1878
Ecosystem Science Resources		1879
Water Science Resources		1879
Climate Impacts in the Southeast		1880
Sustainable Practices Science		1880
Wetlands Conservation		1880
Watersheds		1880
Coastal Resources		1880
Urban Waters		1881
Geospatial Resources		1881
L-7 USGS Programs and Information Resources		1881
Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS)		1881
National Water Information System (NWIS)—Surface Water		1882
NWIS—Groundwater		1882
NWIS—Water Quality		1882
Water Use Data		1882
North Carolina Projects and Studies		1882
Designing Sustainable Landscapes		1882
Environmental Decision Analysis		1883
L-8 USACE Programs and Information Resources		1883
Regulatory Permit Program (Section 404 and Section 10)		1883
Ecosystem Restoration		1883
Recreation Programs and Public Land Management		1883
Falls Lake Master Plan (2013)		1883
L-9 DOD Programs and Information Resources		1883
Legacy Resource Management Program		1884
DOD Partners in Flight (DOD PIF)		1884
Conserving Shorebirds on DOD Lands		1884
Kirtland’s Warbler Recovery Team		1885
DOD Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (DOD PARC)		1885
Defense Environmental Network Information eXchange (DENIX)		1886
Conserving Biodiversity on Military Lands, A Guide for Natural Resources Managers		1886
Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans (INRMP) and Natural ResourcesConservation Metrics		1886
Southeast Regional Partnership for Planning and Sustainability (SERPPAS)		1886
Marine Corps Installations East—Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune (MCIEAST-MCBCL),Environmental Management Division, Integrated Natural Resources ManagementPlan (INRMP)		1887
Defense Coastal/Estuarine Research Program, Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune		1887
Fort Bragg Environmental Division, Environmental Management Branch NaturalResources Team (NRT)		1887
Fort Bragg Environmental Division, Endangered Species Branch		1887
Fort Bragg Environmental Division, Forestry Branch		1887
SERPPAS Geospatial Resources and The National Map		1888
M. State Programs andInformation Resources		1890
M-1 NCWRC Programs and Information Resources		1890
NC Wildlife Action Plan (WAP)		1890
Listing of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Wildlife Species of Special Concern		1890
Fisheries Research		1890
Game Lands Programs		1890
Green Growth Toolbox (GGT)		1890
Habitat Conservation Program		1890
Wildlife Friendly Development Certification		1891
Wildlife Land Conservation Program		1891
Conserving NC’s Wildlife Resources		1891
Cooperative Upland habitat Restoration and Enhancement (CURE)		1891
Learning About NC’s Wildlife—Conservation Education		1891
M-2 NCMNS Programs and Information Resources		1892
Research & Collections		1892
Prairie Ridge Ecostation		1892
Online Collections		1892
M-3 NCNHP Programs and Information Resources		1892
Registered Heritage Areas		1892
Natural Area Inventories		1893
Rare Animal List & Rare Plant List		1893
Natural Communities Classification (3rd and 4th Approximations)		1893
NC Conservation Planning Tool (CPT)		1894
Natural Heritage Data Explorer		1894
Conservation Incentives Program		1894
Geospatial Data		1894
M-4 NCDMF Programs and Information Resources		1895
Coastal Habitat Protection Plan (CHPP)		1895
Oyster Sanctuary Program		1895
Shellfish Habitat and Abundance Mapping Program		1895
Shellfish Rehabilitation Program		1895
Artificial Reef Program		1896
Stock Status Reports		1896
Fisheries Management Plans		1896
Habitat Mapping and Monitoring		1896
GIS Maps to View and Print		1897
M-5 NCDCM Programs and Information Resources		1897
Beach & Waterfront Access		1897
Coastal Wetlands Data: Interactive GIS Mapping		1897
North Carolina Coastal Region Evaluation of Wetland Significance (NC-CREWS)		1897
North Carolina Coastal Reserve (NCCR)		1898
National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR)		1898
CAMA Handbook for Development in Coastal North Carolina		1898
Clean Marina Program		1898
Coastal & Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP)		1898
NC Clean Boater Program		1899
NC Marine Sewage Pumpout Station Grant Program		1899
Maps & GIS Spatial Data		1899
M-6 NCDWR Programs and Information Resources		1899
Stream Fish Community Assessment Program		1899
Ambient Monitoring System		1899
Basinwide Monitoring Program: Macrobenthics and Fish Communities		1900
Basinwide Planning		1900
401 Wetlands and Buffer Permitting		1900
M-7 NCEEP Programs and Information Resources		1901
Watershed Priority Interactive Planning Map		1901
River Basin Restoration Priorities		1901
Science and Analysis Technical Assistance		1901
GIS Data Sets		1901
M-8 NC Aquariums Programs and Information Resources		1902
Roanoke Island, Pine Knoll Shores, Fort Fisher: Outer Banks Marine Mammal StrandingNetwork		1902
Roanoke Island, Pine Knoll Shores and Fort Fisher: Sea Turtle Rehabilitation		1902
Pine Knoll Shores: Diamondback terrapin monitoring and incidental captureassessment		1902
Fort Fisher and Roanoke Island: Beach Vitex Task Force		1902
Pine Knoll Shores and Fort Fisher: Sea turtle tagging		1903
Fort Fisher: Cape Fear Arch Conservation Collaboration		1903
M-9 NC Zoo Programs and Information Resources		1903
Hellbender Salamander Conservation		1903
Red Wolf Species Survival Plan		1903
Ridges Mountain Natural Area Management		1904
Local Conservation Projects		1904
M-10 Office of Environmental Education & Public Affairs Programsand Information Resources		1904
Environmental Literacy Center		1904
River Basin Publications		1905
Resources for Educators		1905
M-11 NCFS Programs and Information Resources		1905
NC Forest Action Plan		1905
North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCDA&CS)Strategic Plan		1905
Key Initiatives		1905
Forest Legacy Program		1906
Urban & Community Forestry Grant Program		1906
Community Firewise & Urban Interface Grant Program		1906
Present-use Value Program for Forestland		1906
Forest Stewardship Plan Program		1907
Southern Pine Beetle Prevention Program		1907
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)		1907
Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP)		1907
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)		1908
Prescribed Fire and Controlled Burning		1908
M-12 PCP Programs and Information Resources		1908
Plant Conservation Preserves		1908
Protected Plant Species List		1909
M-13 Soil & Water Conservation Programs and Information Resources		1909
Agriculture Cost Share Program (ACSP)		1909
Agricultural Water Resources Assistance Program (AgWRAP)		1909
Community Conservation Assistance Program (CCAP)		1909
Lagoon Conversion Program (LCP)		1909
M-14 NCDOT Programs and Information Resources		1910
Project Development and Environmental Analysis (PDEA) Branch—EnvironmentalCompliance		1910
Environmental Excellence Programs		1910
Roadside Environmental Unit, Soil & Water Engineering Section		1910
Office of Beautification, Litter Prevention		1911
Stormwater Program		1911
Environment-related Education Resources		1911
Environmental Initiatives and Best Practices Database		1912
Environmental Management Systems		1912
N. Federal EndangeredSpecies Recovery Plans		1914
O. Monitoring Efforts		1918
O-1 Species-specific Monitoring EffortsSpecies Common Name(see Appendix G forScientific Names)Collaborators(		1918
O-2 Guild and Species Assemblage Monitoring		1919
O-3 Activity- and Project-specific Monitoring		1921
PA-1. Addendum 1 List of SGCN byTaxonomic Group		1924
PA-2. Addendum 2 List of Plant SGCN and Protection Status		1938
R. Addendum 2 North Carolina Protected Plant Species and Plant SGCN Evaluation Methodology		1952
S. Addendum 2 Public Review Comments		1980
Chapter 4 Habitats		579
4.4.19 Piedmont and Coastal Plain Oak Forest		579
4.4.19.1 Ecosystem Description		579
4.4.19.2 Location of Habitat		582
4.4.19.3 Problems Affecting Habitats		583
4.4.19.4 Climate Change Compared to Other Threats		584
TABLE 4.43 Comparison of climate change with other threats to Piedmont and Coastal Plain oak forests		585
4.4.19.5 Impacts to Wildlife		586
4.4.19.6 Recommendations		587
4.4.19.7 References		589

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