Tradicionalne slovenske obrti

Tradicionalne obrti in poklici na Slovenskem Traditional crafts and professions in Slovenia

MLINARSTVO • MILLING

Tradicionalne obrti in poklici na Slovenskem Traditional crafts and professions in Slovenia

Pod pojmom domače obrti in poklici razumemo dejavnosti in predmete, ki jih ljudje izdelujejo na svojih domovih in v domačih delavnicah. Izdelki so lahko namenjeni lastni uporabi, še večkrat pa prodaji. Še vedno večinoma temeljijo na tradiciji, vendar niso več krajevno vezani, saj danes mnoge izdelovalce domače obrti najdemo tudi v mestih. V vrtcu Galjevica smo v oddelku Medvedov, starost otrok 5–6 let, znotraj mednarodnega projekta Erasmus+ spoznavali tradicionalne obrti in poklice na Slovenskem. Otroci so se z vsemi obrtmi seznanili tudi iz prve roke, saj so obiskali obrtnike v Ljubljani in bližnji okolici ter Srednjo lesno šolo v Ljubljani. V knjigi so predstavljene domače obrti na Slovenskem in kako jih kot poklic opisujejo otroci.

When we think of traditional handicrafts and professions, this refers to the activities and items which people make or produce at their homes or in their home workshops. The products are sometimes intended for one's own personal use, but more often they are meant for sale. These traditional items are still mostly based on a certain tradition; however, they are no longer place-bound, as today many handicrafts manufacturers can also be found in cities. The Galjevica Kindergarten's group of children aged 5 to 6 has, as a part of the Erasmus+ international project, been learning about the traditional crafts and professions in Slovenia. The children have also gained information about all the crafts first-hand by having visited the craftsmen in Ljubljana and its surroundings, as well as through paying a visit to The Wood Processing Secondary School in Ljubljana. This book introduces the handicrafts in Slovenia and provides insight into how these professions are described by children.

VRTEC GALJEVICA • Galjevica 35 • 1000 Ljubljana www.vrtec-galjevica.si

IZDAJATELJ / Publisher: VRTEC GALJEVICA, Galjevica 35, SI – 1000 Ljubljana, www.vrtec-galjevica.si ZA IZDAJATELJA / For the publisher: Barbara Novinec SKUPINA / Group: Medvedi, enota Galjevica, otroci 5-6 let MENTORICI / Mentors: Andreja Košir, Mojca Bilban, Milena Peterec ILUSTRACIJE IN FOTOGRAFIJE / Illustrated and photoghraphed by: otroci Vrtca Galjevica / kindergarten children PREVOD / Translated: Barbara Novinec KRAJ IN LETO IZIDA IN NATISA / The year of publication and print: Ljubljana, junij 2016 GRAFIČNO OBLIKOVAL IN NATISNIL / Designed and printed by: STUDIO DTS d.o.o., Ljubljana ŠTEVILO NATISNJENIH IZVODOV / The number of printed copies: 50 SPLETNA LOKACIJA ZA E-DOSTOP / Website: www.vrtec-galjevica.si

KAZALO INDEX

Ustanoviteljica

LONČARSTVO POTTERY

PEKARSTVO BREAD MAKING

MLINARSTVO MILLING

PLETARSTVO WOOD WEAVING

CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana

373.2.091.313:39(497.4) 745/749(497.4)

LESNA OBRT ALI SUHA ROBA WOODWORKING – CARPENTRY

TRADICIONALNE obrti in poklici na Slovenskem = Traditional crafts and professions in Slovenia / [skupina Medvedi, enota Galjevica, otroci 5-6 let ; mentorice Andreja Košir, Mojca Bilban, Milena Peterec ; prevod Barbara Novinec]. - Ljubljana : Vrtec Galjevica, 2016

ISBN 978-961-94055-0-5 1. Vzp. stv. nasl. 2. Košir, Andreja 285345536

KLINČARSTVO TOOTHPICK MAKING

KLOBUČARSTVO HAT-MAKING

SUHA ROBA - ŽLIČARSTVO IN KUHALNIČARSTVO SPOON CARVING

DEŽNIKARSTVO UMBRELLA- MAKING

ČEVLJARSTVO SHOEMAKING

ČEBELARSTVO BEEKEEPING

KLEKLJARSTVO LACE MAKING

URARSTVO WATCHMAKING

KOVAŠTVO METAL FORGING

KROJAŠTVO TAILORING

KAZALO • INDEX

LONČARSTVO I zdelovanje posode in drugih izdelkov iz gline, ročno ali na lončarskem vretenu. Posušene izdelke žgejo v pečeh in po potrebi tudi loščijo. Lončarstvo je med najstarejšimi obrtmi, razvijalo se je zlasti v lončarshih središčih, ki so nastala v bližini nahajališč primerne gline (Komenda, Šentjernej, Krško polje, okolica Celja, Dravsko in Ptujsko polje, Prekmurje).

POTTERY P ottery is a craft of producing dishes and other products made of clay, either by hand or on a potter's wheel. Dried products are fired in kilns and, if necessary, they are polished afterwards. Pottery is one of the oldest crafts and it has developed especially in the pottery centres in the vicinity of the deposits of clay, suitable for pottery (the towns of Komenda and Šentjernej, the Krško field, the surroundings of the city of Celje, the Dravsko and the Ptujsko fields, the Prekmurje region).

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»Lončar dela posode iz gline in tudi lonce. Za izdelavo potrebuje stroj, ki se imenuje vreteno. Ko z nogo pritisne na pedalo, se začne vrteti in tako lahko z roko oblikuje tako, da ima eno roko na sredini gline in drugo

zunaj. Posodo nato posuši in da v peči v staro lončarsko peč. Posodo lahko tudi okrasi in nariše vzorce ter pobarva.«

»A potter makes dishes and pots from clay. To make them, he needs a machine, called a potter's wheel. When he presses his foot on the pedal, the pedal starts to rotate and so the potter can shape clay with one hand in the middle of the clay and the other outside. The potter then dries the dish and puts it into an old pottery kiln to be fired. The potter can also decorate the dish, he can draw patterns on it or colour it.«

LONČARSTVO • POTTERY

PEKARSTVO P eka kruha je bila pomembna panoga domače obrti na Slovenskem. S peko so zadovoljevali potrebe mestne gospode. Vsa mesta in večji kraji, razen nekaj izjem, so imela svojo pekarno, kruh pa so prodajali tudi na tržnici. Prodajalke kruha so imenovali krušarice, ponekod tudi jajčarice, saj so poleg kruha prodajale na mestnih tržnicah tudi jajca in perutnino.

BREAD MAKING B read making was a very important branch of domestic crafts in Slovenia. Bakers made bread to satisfy the needs of the urban nobility. Apart from a few exceptions, each city or a bigger town had their own bakery. They sold their bread at the bakeries as well as at the local marketplaces. Women who sold bread were called “krušarice”, in some places also “jajčarice” (which translates to egg-sellers), since they often sold eggs and poultry, as well as bread.

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»Pek peče kruh, žemlje, slanike in burek. Pek ima predpasnik, posebno belo kapo in kuharsko obleko. Kako pečeš? Najprej narediš testo, ki ga narediš iz moke, jajc, kvasa, soli, vode in mleka. Testo zgneteš v hlebček in ga daš vzhajati v posodo in ga pokriješ s suho krpo. Nato testo razdeliš v hlebčke, tega pleteš (pletenice) in ga daš na pekač, kjer ga prebarvaš z jajcem, da se bolj sveti. Nato ga odneseš v kuhinjo peči.«

“A baker made bread, bread rolls and salty pastries called »slanik« and »burek«. He put on an apron and wore a specially designed hat and baking clothes.” How to make bread?

“First, make the dough from flour, eggs, yeast, salt, water, and milk. The dough has to be kneaded into a loaf, put into a basket and covered with a dry cloth. Then, divide the dough into smaller pieces and knit each into a bread plait (Slovenian: »pletenica«), place it on a baking tray, coat it with a whipped egg (for the crust to become shiny and visually more attractive) and put it in the oven.”

PEKARSTVO • BREAD MAKING

MLINARSTVO M linarstvo je živilska in predelovalna obrt in industrija za mletje in predelavo žita, v izjemnih okoliščinah (lakota) tudi za mletje semen in plodov. Mlinarstvo se opravlja v vodnih mlinih, mlinih na veter in mlinih na parni in električni pogon. Mlinarstvo je bilo pogosto povezano s kmetovanjem, tako da so poleg obrtnih in industrijskih mleli hišni ali kmečki mlini.

MILLING M illing is a food processing trade and an industry for grinding and processing grain. In extreme circumstances (famine) it is also an industry for grinding seeds and fruits. Milling is carried out in water mills, wind mills, and in mills on steam and electric drive. Milling has often been associated with farming, as in addition to craft mills and industrial mills also domestic and farm mills have performed grinding operations.

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»V mlinu so zmleli žito in so dobili moko. Tam je dišalo po lesu, vodi, moki in žitu. Mlinsko kolo je poganjal pritisk vode, tako da je voda močno tekla in potem se je kolo zunaj vrtelo. Istočasno so se pa v votlini, v mlinu vrteli mlinski kamni. Oni pa so lesen krog poganjali v posodi, tako da je mlela žito v moko. Moko so shranili v vreče iz blaga, potem pa so prišli ljudje in jo kupili. Odpeljali so jo z vozičkom iz lesa.«

»In a mill they ground grain and so they got flour. There was the smell of wood, water, flour, and grain. The water pressure powered the wind mill to make the water flow strong and then the wheel outside was turning. At the same time in the cavity of the mill the millstones were rotating. They were the ones which were running the wooden circle in the container, so that it was grinding the grain into flour. The flour was then stored into bags, made of cloth, and the people came to buy it. They took the flour away in a wooden cart.«

MLINARSTVO • MILLING

PLETARSTVO I zdelovanje predmetov iz slame, koruznega ličja, leskovih in kostanjevih viter, neobeljenih ali obeljenih vrbovih šib in drugega materiala (smrekovo šibje, srobot, beka, kostanjeve in gabrove palice) s prepletanjem, zvijanjem in zatikanjem je pletarstvo.

WOOD WEAVING W ood weaving is making objects out of hay, corn husk, thin hazel and chestnut strips, brightened or non-brightened willow rods and other materials (spruce rods, clematis, osier, chestnut and hornbeam rods) by plaiting, twisting and sticking.

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»Pletarji pletejo iz vej košare. Najboljše se plete iz vrbovih vej, ki so tanke, zvite in mehke. Za izdelavo košare potrebujemo leseno dno, v katerega se zvrta luknje in vstavi palčke. Nato veje prepletamo okoli palčk. Lahko naredimo tudi košaro z ročajem. Košare so različnih oblik, če bi bila ogromna, bi pletel dva dni, če pa manjša, pa en dan. Košare potrebujemo zato, da če je babi bolna, ji nesemo Belokranjsko pogačo ali rože.« “Wooden rods or bands are called basket branches and are plaited and weaved to form a basket. Because they are thin, easily twisted and soft, willow rods are the easiest to plait. To make a basket you need a wooden bottom, into which you drill holes and insert short wooden sticks. Then, wooden bands and rods (the so-called basket branches) are weaved and plaited around the short sticks. Baskets are of different shapes and designs. If a basket is huge, it would take two days to make, if it is smaller, it takes only a day. You can also make a basket with a handle. If our grandma's sick, we need baskets to bring »Belokranjska pogača« flat cake or flowers to her.”

PLETARSTVO • WOOD WEAVING

LESNA OBRT ALI SUHA ROBA N aša najstarejša in množično najštevilnejša, hkrati pa tudi zelo svojska domača obrt v Sloveniji je izdelovanje lesenih predmetov, ki se je že pred stoletji uveljavila na Ribniškem in Kočevskem. Končne izdelke so pokupili krošnjarji, ki so jih prodajali doma, s suho robo pa so hodili tudi po svetu. Tako pod pojem lesne obrti spada več panog: obodarstvo, podnarstvo, posodarstvo, žličarstvo in kuhalničarstvo, ročno mizarstvo, orodjarstvo, strugarstvo, pletarstvo, klinčarstvo in rešetarstvo. Mi smo posebej spoznali mizarstvo, klinčarstvo ter žličarstvo in kuhalničarstvo.

WOODENWARE • also known as “SUHA ROBA” C reating wooden goods is the oldest, most widely spread and at the same time very specific and typical Slovenian craft, which spread through Ribnica and Kočevje regions centuries ago. Final products were bought by hawkers (in Slovenia known as “krošnjarji”), who then sold them all across Slovenia and other countries. There are several different branches of woodenware: “obodarstvo” (making wooden frames for sieves), “podnarstvo” (using thin wooden strips to weave and plait the middle and central part of the sieves), “posodarstvo” (making different kinds of containers: pails, buckets, etc.), “žličarstvo” and “kuhalničarstvo” (spoon carving: making wooden spoons, spatulas, knives, etc.), handmade carpentry, “orodjarstvo” (tool making: rakes, garden forks, brooms, etc.), “strugarstvo” (wood turning to create plates, bowls, rolling pins, handles, etc.), “pletarstvo” (wood weaving- plaiting and twisting thin wooden stripes to create baskets, wicker baskets, etc.), “klinčarstvo” (toothpick making) and “rešetarstvo” (making wooden sieves). We took a closer look at carpentry, “klinčarstvo” (toothpick making), “žličarstvo” and “kuhalničarstvo” (spoon carving: making wooden spoons, spatulas, knives, etc.).

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»V lesarski šoli delajo različne stvari iz lesa (pručke, stole, okna …) in jih pobarvajo. Videli smo posebne stroje, delavske, žage in stroj, s katerim barvajo. Videli smo tudi računalniški stroj, kjer z enim pedalom stroj vžgeš, z drugim pa ugasneš. Gospod nam je pokazal tudi stare stroje, s katerimi so delali ročno. Bili smo v posebni učilnici, ki je bila vsa iz lesa, tudi tla so bila lesena. To vse so izdelali fantje, ki so bili tam – učenci sami.« “Students from The Wood Processing Secondary School in Ljubljana create and paint a wide variety of objects (footstools, chairs, windows, etc.). We saw special machines, saws and the painting machine, as well as the computerised machine, which is turned on by stepping on one of the pedals and turned off by stepping on the other one. We were also shown old machines used in the past to create handmade carpentry and we visited a special classroom where everything is made completely out of wood, even the floor. It was all made by the students attending the school.”

LESNA OBRT ALI SUHA ROBA • WOODENWARE

KLINČARSTVO K linčarstvo ali zobotrebčarstvo je zelo stara tradicionalna obrt, ki je značilna predvsem za Dolenjsko in Notranjsko. Družina si je z delom krajšala dolge zimske večere, ob tem pa rezala, šilila in obdelovala brinove, leskove ali hudalesove veje, da so nastali klinčki. Iz teh je s šiljenjem, s posebnim nožem, ki se imenuje krivček, izdelovala zobotrebce, le-te sušila na peči ter zavezovala butarice. Tako si je z izdelovanjem in prodajo klinčkov služila prepotreben dinar za živež.

TOOTHPICK MAKING “K linčarstvo”, also known as “zobotrebčarstvo”, is a very old traditional craft, typical especially for Dolenjska and Notranjska regions. During the long winter evenings, families spent their time cutting, sharpening and processing juniper or hazel twigs to create splinters. By sharpening these short wooden pieces with a special knife called “krivček” (a curve knife), families made toothpicks which were then dried on the farmhouse stove and tied into bundles. By making and selling toothpicks and splinters, these families made money to buy the much needed provisions.

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»Za izdelovanje zobotrebcev potrebujemo poseben nož, ki se mu reče krivček. Gospa Olga nam je pokazala, kako zreže in nakolje les na majhne klinčke, ki jih spremeni v zobotrebce, s tem, da jih odreže z nožem. Zobotrebce so v starih časih prodajali in si potem lahko kaj kupili.«

“In order to make toothpicks, we need a special knife called »krivček« (a curve knife). Mrs Olga showed us how to chop wood into smaller splinters, which are later cut and sharpened with a knife and thus made into toothpicks. Back in the day, toothpicks were sold to make money and buy whatever was needed.”

KLINČARSTVO • TOOTHPICK MAKING

SUHA ROBA • ŽLIČARSTVO IN KUHALNIČARSTVO N ajstarejša in najbolj množična domača obrt v Sloveniji je izdelovanje lesenih predmetov, ki jih potrebujejo posamezna gospodinjstva in gospodarstva pri vsakodnevnem opravilu. Saj si ne moremo predstavljati domačije brez žlic, kuhalnice, rešeta, škafa, grabelj ali še stotine drugih lesenih predmetov, ki se jih je sčasoma prijelo ime suha roba. Pod tem pojmom se skriva tudi obrt žličarstvo in kuhalničarstvo, ki je v Sloveniji še vedno močno zastopana predvsem na Notranjskem in pa tudi na območju Ljubljanskega Barja.

WOODENWARE • SPOON CARVING T he oldest and the most massive domestic craft in Slovenia is the production of wooden items which are needed by individual households and certain companies in their everyday tasks. After all, we cannot imagine a home without eating spoons, a spatula, or without a sieve, a bucket, rakes, or a number of other wooden items which have eventually become known as woodenware. This notion also includes the craft of spoon carving which until this day remains a strongly represented craft mostly in the Notranjska region, but also in the area of the Ljubljana Marshes.

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»Gospod Milan nam je pokazal, kako dela kuhalnice in žlice. Z eno »mašino« naredi jamo in z drugo na repu od žlice naredi luknjo. Imel je take stroje, da vse zbrusi. Žlice naredi iz lesa, najprej ga nareže na male deščice in potem iz teh deščic oblikuje žlico. Lahko izdela tudi leseno vilico ali pa votlo kuhalnico.«

“Mr Milan showed us how wooden spoons and spatulas are made: first, the wood is cut into smaller parts and shaped into a spoon, then a cavity is carved with a machine and lastly, a hole is made on the handle of the spoon. The product is polished with a special machine. He can also make wooden forks or spatulas.”

SUHA ROBA • ŽLIČARSTVO IN KUHALNIČARSTVO • WOODENWARE • SPOON CARVING

ČEVLJARSTVO T o je domača in storitvena obrt za izdelovanje in popravilo obutve; po 1900 se je razvila tudi obutvena industrija. Najstarejša pričevanja o čevljarjih, kot samostojnih obrtnikih, so iz 15. stoletja. Center čevljarske obrti je bil Tržič, kjer je bilo tudi največ čevljarskih mojstrov in pozneje prva čevljarska tovarna Peko.

SHOEMAKING S hoemaking is a domestic and service craft for making and repairing footwear which was even more important before 1900 when also footwear industry finally developed. The oldest testimonies of shoemakers in Slovenia as independent craftsmen date back to the 15th century. The centre of the shoemaking craft was the town of Tržič where most masters of shoemaking lived and where also the first shoe factory, Peko, was founded.

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»A shoemaker is a master who makes shoes and repairs footwear and suitcases. He uses such a machine that he can sharpen a heel, he then also polishes and cleans the shoes, so that they shine. He can also sew a sole. A shoemaker makes shoes from a special material: the skin of sheep, pigs, cows, and calves. In his work a shoemaker uses pliers, knives, different machines, perforators, different types of glue, and rulers for designing shoes. The shoemaker we visited showed us an old shoe with a wooden sole which his grandfather had made.« »Čevljar je mojster, ki izdeluje čevlje, popravlja obutev in tudi kovčke. Uporablja tak stroj, da lahko nabrusi peto, potem jih zlošči in nato čevlje sčisti, da se svetijo. Čevlje izdeluje iz posebnega materiala, kože od ovc, pujsov, telička in krave. Zašije tudi podplat. Pri svojem delu uporablja klešče, nože, razne stroje, luknjače, lepila, ravnila za oblikovanje čevljev. Pokazal nam je star čevelj, ki ima podplat iz lesa in ga je izdelal njegov dedek.«

ČEVLJARSTVO • SHOEMAKING

KLEKLJARSTVO S redišče klekljarstva na Slovenskem je Idrija, kjer tradicijo posebnih klekljanih čipkarskih tehnik razvijajo, dopolnjujejo in plemenitijo že od 17. stoletja. Klekljarice ustvarjajo čipke s pomočjo papirjev (na njih je s svinčnikom narisana oblika čipke), ki jih namestijo na bulo (valjast predmet, na katerega vstavljajo čipke in je po navadi postavljen v nizko košarico).

LACE MAKING T he centre of Slovenian lace making is Idrija, where the tradition of the special lace making techniques has been developing and upgrading since the 17th century. Lace makers create intricate lace designs with the help of “papirc” (a paper onto which the design of the lace is drawn) which are pinned onto a “bula” (a cushion, placed into a basket).

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»Pri nas je bila klekljarica, ga. Nada. Kako klekljamo?

Imaš palčko in vrvico, ki jo naviješ na palčko – klekelj, in te palčke zavežeš na blazino – bulo in jih preobračaš. Palčke z nitjo so bile take, da sta dve rdeči in dve beli, ona jih je prepletala hitro in je naredila en vzorec. V bulo so zapičeni risalni žebljički in listi, kjer pokaže, kako to narediš: gospa nam je pokazala, kako je naklekljala konja, prtičke, srčke, uhane, ogrlice in ovratnik.«

“A lace maker, Mrs Nada, visited us in our kindergarten. How to make lace?

You have to have bobbins (special short sticks) and a string, which needs to be coiled around each bobbin. Bobbins are then tied to the “bula” cushion. You create the design by crossing, twisting, braiding and interweaving the threads on the bobbins. There are two red and two white bobbins. Mrs Nada quickly made a pattern by braiding and interweaving the threads. Drawing pins fixate “papirc” (a paper showing the pattern and the instructions for each pattern) onto the “bula” cushion. Mrs Nada showed us how she made a horse- shaped lace, napkins, a heart-shaped lace, earrings, a necklace and a collar.”

KLEKLJARSTVO • LACEMAKING

KROJAŠTVO K rojaštvo je obrtno izdelovanje in popravilo tekstilnih in usnjenih oblačil, poklicna ali priučena obrt. Poleg izdelovanja oblek in perila so posebna krojaška opravila šivanje kožuhov (krznarstvo), zaves, posteljnega perila, v novejšem času tudi usmerjene krojaške obrti (šivanje predpasnikov, namiznih prtov, popravljalnice oblačil). Pogosto se je krojaške obrti oprijemalo kajžarsko in bajtarsko prebivalstvo, ki ga tudi sicer poznamo kot nosilca obrtnih dejavnosti na našem podeželju. Šiviljstvo se je v 19. stoletju razvilo iz krojaštva kot izrazito ženski poklic za šivanje.

TAILORING T ailoring is a craft of making and repairing textile and leather items of clothing, which can be either a profession or a learned craft. In addition to making clothes and laundry, specific tasks of a tailor include sewing pelts (furriery), curtains, and bed linen. In the more recent times the craft of tailoring has become more specialised (sewing aprons, table cloths, repairing clothes, etc.). The craft of tailoring was often taken up by »kajžarji« and »bajtarji« (less privileged social classes who lived in rented houses and in exchange for being able to live there they performed tasks for their wealthier landlords), who are also otherwise known as the driving force of crafts in the Slovenian countryside. In the 19th century a profession of a seamstress developed from tailoring as a distinctly feminine sewing profession.

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»Krojač šiva obleke in ima poseben stroj, ki šiva. Da lahko popravi obleko, potrebuje šivanko, buciko, škarje, različne šivalne stroje in meter, da lahko izmeri, kako dolgo obleko potrebujemo. Krojač nam popravi oblačilo, če je strgano, premajhno, preveliko ali preširoko. Lahko iz kavbojk naredi torbo in oblačila okrasi, da ni potrebno kupiti novih.«

»A tailor sews clothes and he has a special machine which sews. To be able to repair clothes, he needs a sewing needle and a pin, scissors, sewing machines, and a measuring meter, so that he can measure how long the dress which someone needs should be. A tailor repairs our clothes if they are torn, too small, too big, or too wide. He can make a bag out of jeans and he can decorate clothes, so that we don't need to buy new ones.«

KROJAŠTVO • TAILORING

KLOBUČARSTVO K lobučarstvo je obrt, ki ima za seboj že burno zgodovino. Temu primeren je tudi bogat nabor različnih oblik in stilov, ki so se pojavili v vseh obdobjih klobučarske obrti in mode. Danes se klobuki in druga pokrivala pojavljajo v kolekcijah visoke mode, v gledališčih ter kot vsakdanji modni dodatki. Nepogrešljivi pa so tudi kot del uniforme različnih institucionaliziranih skupin in poklicev. Ne glede na namen, pa odražajo mojstrstvo obrtnika in predstavljajo osebnostni izraz posameznika, ki to pokrivalo nosi.

HAT-MAKING H at-making is a craft with a turbulent history. In accordance to this, there is a rich variety of different shapes and styles which have emerged during all the periods of hat-making and its fashion trends. Nowadays hats and other types of headgear appear in high-fashion designer collections, in theatres, and as everyday accessories. They are also indispensable as a part of a uniform of various institutionalised groups and professions. No matter what they purpose is, however, they all reflect the mastery of their creator (the craftsman) and at the same time present the personal expression of the individual wearing this creation.

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»Klobučar izdeluje različne klobuke: poletne, zimske, mornarske in damske. Izdeluje jih iz različnih vrst blaga. S posebnim strojem stisne blago v gumb in ga nato našije na klobuk. V posebni sobi smo videli stroj, ki prereže blago. Da je klobuk lepih oblik, sestavi različne kose lesa v držalo in potem lahko zlika klobuk v pravo obliko. Klobuke proda gospodom in damam.«

»A hat-maker creates different types of hats: summer ones, winter ones, navy ones, and the ones for ladies. He makes the hats from different types of fabric. He uses a special machine to compress the fabric into a button which he then sews onto a hat. In a special room we saw a machine which cuts fabric. To design the hat into a beautiful shape, a hat- maker uses different pieces of wood to make a hat holder and then he can iron the hat, so that it has the right shape. A hat-maker sells his hats to gentlemen and ladies.«

KLOBUČARSTVO • HAT-MAKING

DEŽNIKARSTVO O brt popravila in izdelovanja dežnikov se je pri nas ohranila le v starem mestnem jedru v Ljubljani. Dežnik je, oziroma bi moral biti, modni dodatek, česar se danes zaveda malo ljudi, zato si mojstrica gospa Marija Lah prizadeva, da dežnike ne samo popravlja, temveč tudi izdeluje.

UMBRELLA-MAKING T he craft of repairing and making umbrellas has in our surroundings been preserved only in the old city centre of Ljubljana. An umbrella is, or it should be, a fashion accessory, which today only few people realise, therefore the master of umbrella making, Mrs Marija Lah, is committed not only to repairing umbrellas, but also to manufacturing them.

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»Dežnikarica dela in popravlja dežnike, lahko pridemo k njej in nam popravi dežnik. Dežnike lahko razstavi in na novo sestavi. Dežnik je sestavljen iz delov: posebno blago, ki drži dež, ročaj in kovine – palice in špice, ki tako »štrlijo«, da držijo blago. Pri delu uporablja kladivo, izvijač, pinceto, klešče, pilo in šivanko.«

»An umbrella maker makes and repairs umbrellas; we can come to her and she will repair our umbrella. She can disassemble umbrellas into parts and then put them back together as new. An umbrella is made up of different parts: special fabric which holds the rain, a handle, and metal parts- rods and spikes which stick out to keep the fabric in place. In her work an umbrella maker uses a hammer, a screwdriver, tweezers, pliers, a file, and a sewing needle.«

DEŽNIKARSTVO • UMBRELLA-MAKING

ČEBELARSTVO Č ebelarstvo je kmetijska panoga, ki se ukvarja z gojitvijo čebel, z namenom pridobivanja njihovih produktov, predvsem medu in voska, pa tudi za opraševanje. Najprimernejša in najbolj razširjena v ta namen je domača čebela, v Sloveniji predvsem njena avtohtona podvrsta kranjska sivka. Čebelarstvo je pri nas panoga z dolgo tradicijo, ki se odraža tudi v ljudski umetnosti - poslikane panjske končnice so cenjen okras panjev na Slovenskem.

BEEKEEPING B eekeeping is an agricultural sector that is engaged in breeding of bees in order to produce their products, particularly honey and wax, and an industry which also deals with pollination. The most suitable and most widely-used type of a bee for this purpose is the honeybee, and in Slovenia the most wide-spread is its indigenous subspecies, the Carniolan gray honeybee. Beekeeping in Slovenia is an industry with a long-developed tradition which also reflects in the folk art- painted beehive panels are a prized ornament of Slovenian beehives.

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»A beekeeper is the one who takes the honey out of the barrels. He wears special protective clothing, so that the bees don’t sting him. A beekeeper is also the one who takes care of bees. He takes honey out of the beehives, puts it into a container and sticks a label with a picture of »a bee house« on it. Then he uses a special »pump« to squeeze the honey into a jar, takes it to a shop, and gets money for it. A flower produces pollen, while a bee makes honey. A bee sucks the honey through its tube-like tongue, and the pollen sticks onto the bee’s legs. »Čebelar je tisti, ki vzame med iz sodov. Ima posebno obleko, da ga čebele ne pičijo. Čebelar je tisti, ki skrbi za čebele. Iz čebelnjaka vzame med, ga da v posodico in nalepi tako nalepko, k’ je gor narisana od čebelic hiška, potem pa s tako »pumpo« stisne v kozarček med in ga da v trgovino in dobi denar za to. Roža naredi cvetni prah, čebela pa med. Čebela skozi rilček posrka med, na noge pa se ji prime cvetni prah.«

ČEBELARSTVO • BEEKEEPING

URARSTVO I zdelovanje ur je izrazito meščanska panoga uporabne umetnosti in na Slovenskem tej plemeniti, cenjeni in predvsem funkcionalni stroki, ki je v zgodovini umetne obrti zavzemala posebno mesto, se je tekom let pripisovalo zelo velik pomen. Urarji niso bili le obrtniki, ki so popravljali stare ure, vendar v veliki meri mojstri, ki so izdelali prenekatero uro, ki še vedno krasi javne ustanove in domove premožnih meščanov.

WATCHMAKING / CLOCK-MAKING W atchmaking or clock-making is a particularly bourgeois branch of applied arts. In Slovenia this noble, appreciated and above all functional area of expertise has during the course of history of crafts occupied a special place and at the same time it has throughout the years been attributed great importance. Watchmakers or clockmakers were not merely craftsmen who repaired all clocks and watches, but prevalently masters of crafts who constructed a great number of clocks which public institutions and the homes of wealthy citizens are still adorned with nowadays.

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»At a watchmaker’s we can buy a watch or a clock, or a watchmaker can repair one for us. In the workshop we saw wall clocks, antique clocks, watches, mantel and table-top clocks, and also cuckoo clocks. To be able to repair a clock or a watch, a watchmaker or a clockmaker needs lots of items and different tools: small and big pliers, a small hammer, and a very tiny screwdriver. If a watchmaker can’t see why the clock or the watch isn’t working, he has a magnifying glass which he puts very close to his eye. The watchmaker showed us how he opens up a clock and then winds the weights up with a key. After this it takes two days for the weights to come down and when they hit the bottom, the clock rings.« »Pri urarju lahko kupimo uro ali pa nam jo popravi. V delavnici smo videli stenske, starinske, ročne in namizne ure ter kukavice. Za popravilo ure potrebuje veliko stvari in različne predmete: klešče, manjše in velike, majhno kladivo, izvijač, čisto, čisto majhen. Če ne vidi dobro, zakaj ura ne dela, ima povečevalno steklo, ki ga da na oko. Urar nam je pokazal, kako odpre uro in potem navije uteži s ključem in potem dva dni traja, da pride dol, ko pa pride dol, ura zazvoni.«

URARSTVO • WATCHMAKING

KOVAŠTVO K ovaštvo se je pojavilo že pred 12. stoletjem, postalo je ena pomembnejših obrti, ki se je prenašala iz roda v rod. Kovačije orodnih kovačev so bile ob potokih. Tam je sila vode poganjala kovaški meh in veliko kladivo imenovano norec ali repač. Izdelovali so nujne predmete za kmetije: motike, lopate, rovnice, sekire, krampe, plužne nože, okovje za vozove, žeblje za stavbarstvo. Za gospodinije so izdelovali burkle.

METAL FORGING T he craft of metal forging spread through our lands before the 12th century and became one of the most important crafts that were passed down from one generation to another. Smithies of blacksmiths who made metal tools were located at the streams because they used water force to mobilize the bellows and a huge hammer, called “norec” or “repač”. Blacksmiths made objects that were essential for the rural lifestyle: hoes, shovels, hatchets, pickaxes, plough knives, fetters for wagons, nails for architecture and a burkle (a special tool for shifting pots and dishes in the farmhouse stoves or managing fire in the fireplace) for the housewives.

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

»Kovač naredi različne podkve, ene so lahko za dirkalne konje. Delavnim konjem pa naredi debele podkve. Kovač lahko izdela tudi zvonce. Ko dela konju podkev, najprej odstrani kopito in nato očisti roževino. Kopito pritrdi s posebnimi žeblji. Pri človeku je noht, pri konju pa kopito. Mi obujemo čevlje, konji pa obujejo podkve.«

“Blacksmith can make bells and different horseshoes: very light for race horses or heavier and thicker ones for farm labour horses. When attaching horseshoes, firstly, horse’s hooves have to be removed, then the horn is cleaned and, finally, horseshoes are attached with special nails. We put on shoes and horses put on horseshoes.”

KOVAŠTVO • METAL FORGING

Nariši svojo najljubšo tradionalno obrt ali poklic! Draw your favorite tradional craft or profession!

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

Poveži obrt ali poklic z ustrezno risbico Connect craft or profession with appropriate drawing

LONČARSTVO POTTERY PEKARSTVO BREAD MAKING MLINARSTVO MILLING

PLETARSTVO WOOD WEAVING LESNA OBRT ALI SUHA ROBA WOODWORKING – CARPENTRY KLINČARSTVO TOOTHPICK MAKING SUHA ROBA - ŽLIČARSTVO IN KUHALNIČARSTVO

SPOON CARVING ČEVLJARSTVO SHOEMAKING KLEKLJARSTVO LACE MAKING KROJAŠTVO TAILORING KLOBUČARSTVO HAT-MAKING DEŽNIKARSTVO UMBRELLA-MAKING ČEBELARSTVO

BEEKEEPING URARSTVO WATCHMAKING KOVAŠTVO METAL FORGING

TRADICIONALNE OBRTI IN POKLICI NA SLOVENSKEM • TRADITIONAL CRAFTS AND PROFESSIONS IN SLOVENIA

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