Sponsored in part by the TDOT Litter Grant & The Cheatham County Mayor’s Office • SEPT/OCT 2016 Let’s Talk Trash!
Back to School!
WHERE did the “ZIKA” VIRUS Come From?
SPECIAL PULL OUT SECTION... PAGES 9-12! A GOOD READ! THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA!
PHOTO CREDIT: https://www.flickr.com/photos/andredekesel/7932642990
Make a “Green” book cover with Brown Paper... Back by Popular Demand!
Thank You to all of our Sponsors!
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Let’s Talk Trash! is excited to continue providing all K-6th grade classes in Cheatham County with this educational resource every other month! We will be expanding our distribution to also include 7th and 8th grades too! Our continuing focus will include all areas of education including character, citizenship, math, history, current events, interviews with local celebrities and much more. Let’s Talk Trash! is an integral part of our new publication name: Let’s Talk news ! We encourage and invite all teachers, students and parents to send in stories about your school/class to share. Let’s Talk news ! will be delivered on or about the 10th of every other month beginning, September, then will continue November, January, March and April. Through fun activities, puzzels, stories and relevant current events, Let’s Talk news ! a ttributes its success to our kids, readers and all of our business sponsors. The CheathamCountyMayor’s office T.D.O.T Litter grant has been the backbone to make this publication possible. THANK YOUMAYORDAVID MCCULLOUGHANDCLYDEWHITE! Our focus for this next school year will include repurposing as part of our continued focus on “anti-litter” and environmental responsibility. Learn how you can make something old new again by repurposing! As you flip through the pages of this Sept/Oct issue, we found it very important to share the importance of what nasty critters mosquitoes can be for our health. When they bite, you just think it makes you itch; however, did you know they carry many viruses and today, the scary Zika vir us? The Zika virus has been all over the news, so, it is very important to know what it is and where it comes from. September is still a hot month in Tennessee, so we need to educate ourselves about this new virus that has made it into the United States. I asked myself, “Why is it called the Zika virus?” That lead me into a great deal of research and investigation as to where it came from. As one thing lead to another, you will discover why is it called “Zika” and from what country it actually originated. Learn a little bit about Yap and its people which is part of the Federated States of Micronesia as well as the part the Rhesus monkey played. You will find out how all of these relate to the Zika virus! In addition...Find out how to Repurpose Old Tires... and much MORE!
We have many local businesses to thank for their interest in education and support for this publication: The Cheatham County Mayor’s office - David McCullough, Mayor and Clyde White PREMIER SPONSOR Community Bank & Trust The Ashland City Times The Pleasant View Post WQSV Radio South Cheatham Advocate Franklin Luppe Accounting Regents Medical Center Guthrie Kitchen, Bath & Flooring Harris Professional Counseling Services SouthPoint Risk Advisors The Livery Stables
Debbie Keenan The Keenan Group, Inc. Publisher Let’s Talk Trash! debbiekeenan@earthlink.net 615-746-2443 155 Keenan Court, Pleasant View, Tennessee 37146
Welcome back to School everyone! I hope you enjoy this first issue of the school year! We invite you to let us know how we are doing! Send me an email! Coming up in our Nov/ Dec issue look for a great interviewwith our Cheatham County Sheriff, Mike Breedlove and what it’s like to be a Sheriff. You will also find out where the cleanest U.S. Cities are located and some of the dirtiest jobs! If you have a story you would like to share, plesase submit to the address above or email. Photos are welcomed!
A litter bag has been provided with this first issue of Let’s Talk news ! to continue the conversation of Let’s Talk Trash!
The United States has had the same type of government for more than 200 years. It’s called a “representative democracy.” Among the nations of the world, it is
to last so long. Most governments are based on a written set of principles,
sometimes called a “constitution” or a “charter.” When citizens directly participate by voting, the government is called a “democracy.”
unusual for a system of government
http://www.congressforkids.net/Independence_democracy.htm
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What You Need To Make A Brown Paper Bag Book Cover: 1. Textbooks 2. Paper Bag 3. Scissors 4. Tape 1. Cut Open a Brown Paper Bag Cut open a brown paper shopping bag, the kind you get at the grocery store. Start by cutting down one corner, from top to bottom, then cut around three sides of the bottom flap. Open the bag up and flatten it out on the the table. Note : Brown paper on a roll designed for wrapping parcels, or gift wrapping paper, can also be used. Cut a piece off long enough to cover the front, back and spine of the book with a least three inches of overlap at either end. 2. Cut Off the Bottom Flap Finish preparing the paper bag by cutting off the bottom flap. This should give you a large rectangular piece of brown paper. Alternatively, you can cut a piece from a roll of brown parcel- wrapping paper. 3. Fold Paper Up Along Top and Bottom of Cover Place the book in the center of the paper. Wrap the paper up across the bottom of the book and make a crease along the bottom cover. Repeat for the top cover. 4. Fold Paper Down Along Crease at Top and Bottom Remove the book from the paper. Fold the paper up at the bottom crease and down at the top crease. You should have a strip of paper big enough to cover the book from top to bottom 5. Center the Book on the Paper Place the book back in the center of hte paper. Wrap the paper across the front of the book from left to right and adjust the book position until the two ends of the paper are even. 6. Wrap Cover Around Front of Book Fold the overlap around the front cover of the book and make a crease. If the flap is too long, trim to reach two-thirds to three-quarters of the way across the book cover. 7. Insert Book Front cover into Paper-Bag Cover Insert the front cover of the book into the slot created by the paper folded over at the top and the bottom. Slide the paper down over the book until you hit the crease. Note: Do not tape your cover to the actual book; you could damage the book’s cover as the paper cover moves when the book opens and closes. 8. Complete Front Cover Close the front cover of the book, pull in the paper tight across the front of the book. The front cover is now complete. 9. Insert Book Back Cover into Paper-Bag Cover Fold the remaining paper around the back cover of the book and make a crease. Insert the back cover of the book into the slot created by the paper folded over at the top and the bottom. Slide the paper down over the book until you hit the crease. Note: Do not tape your cover to the actual book: you could damage the book’s cover as the paper cover moves when the book opens and closes 10. Ta-DA! Completed Cover! If the cover fits snugly, you can stop at t his point. If it seems a little loose or the top and bot- tom folds are not lying flat, THEN you can use small pieces of tape to pull the front and the inside flap of YOUR cover together a little more securely, Note: Do not tape your cover to the actual; you could damage the book’s cover as your cover moves when the book opens and closes. repurpose a paper bag!
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COLOR ME!
Where do Old Bus Tires Go?
What is Garbage of the Mind? (aka: trash and/or litter) Coming in the November/December issue, Professional Counselor, Valarie L. Harris will be sharing a rather creative approach to “cleaning out the trash.”
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Favorite Tricks for “repurposing” everyday items in the classroom
Yogurt Cups You can use serving yogurt cups in all sorts of ways in an art classroom. Clean yogurt cups can hold paint or water for brushes, tiles for mosaics, beads for jewelry making or nails for wordwork. The kids can bring their old containers from their lunches! Soap Dispensers Save those liquid-soap containers! Use them to hold multiple colors of tempera paints. Students can squeeze a little onto the paper at a time. Saves on mess and on paint! Single Socks Use socks that have lost their mates as erasers on students’ dry erase boards. Used dryer sheets also make great and sweet-smelling erasers! Plastic Coffee Cans Send out a note to parents and find out who has plastic coffee cans. Use them to hold four desk legs together in a square. Use them for everything from LEGO blocks to crayons. Diaper Wipe Boxes These boxes are nearly indestructible and perfect for all sorts of supplies. Never buy a container at a store again! Address Labels Cut off the cute pictures on all those address labels that come in the mail and use them as stickers for your class. Old Cookie Sheets Take scratched, rusty old cookie sheets and spray-paint them bright colors. Have your students use them for magnetic letters and numbers. Tissue Boxes Colorful tissue boxes with the top cut out make great containers for desk group materials, like glue sticks and scissors. Plastic Trays Frozen meal plastic trays have tons of uses in the art room—paint trays, oil pastels, mosaic squares—the uses are endless! Glass Bottles Do a trash activity. We use recycled materials (glass bottles, cookie tins, etc.) to make musical instruments.
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Let’s Talk Trash! 6 9 Interesting Facts and Statistics about Littering November 18, 2013 Luther King http://www.litteritcostsyou.org/9-interesting-facts-and-statistics-about-littering/ A small piece of litter you have in your hand today could amount to billions of litters at the end of the year. Billions of money is spent just to clean up the litter that many people have thoughtlessly tossed out on the streets and other public spaces. But if each of us try a bit more of discipline and application of basic knowledge about the effects of litter, imagine how much money could be saved and used for other more important services. Here are some of the most important and interesting facts that might just help each of us think twice about littering. 1. 9 billion tons of litter ends up in the ocean every year. This is more than the amount of trash generated every year which is only 250 million. Suffice to say that people tend to throw things randomly anywhere more often that they throw garbage in trash bins. This adds up to among the reasons why marine life is depleting. If we wonder why there are a lot of fish kills reported almost every day, we might want to think about how we are contributing to it. Many of the endangered animals in the oceans are losing their homes as much as their food resource and that is thanks to the contribution of the billions of litter we produce. 2. $11.5 billion is spent every year to clean up litter. Half surprising and half expected, this much money could have been used in more pressing and important services like housing and health care. Most people do not really think about how much of their little actions can affect the entire nation’s well-being. Complaining about where the taxes go is one thing but contributing to the expense of government like a litter clean-up operation could have It is very common for a smoker to think about cutting back this vice but it’s very uncommon for them to think about proper cigarette butt disposal. Tossing it out of the car window is the easiest and simplest way to dispose so why bother to look for ash receptacles or trash bins? Most people think that a tiny piece of cigarette butt can easily be disposed of and wither in no time on the streets. But this is a misconception. Cigarette butts are actually made of cellulose acetate which could take more than 10 years to disintegrate. This is why cigarette butts are a serious threat to the environment. 4. In a poll conducted in the State of Tennessee, 50% of smokers claimed they properly disposed of their cigarette butts in ash receptacles or trash cans. This could also mean that the government and private organizations’ campaign against cigarette butts littering still have a long way to go in its advocacy. The nationwide campaign for this particular litter has already rolled out with many activities concentrating on educating people about proper disposal of litter and making sure that facilities are available to dispose cigarette butts. 5. 75% of people admitted that they littered in the past 5 years. Not surprising is the fact that people have done this for many years despite many clean-up activities and educational campaigns about proper disposal of litter. made more savings of this tax money and put into better use. 3. 50% of littered items are cigarette butts.
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6. The most common object found during litter clean-up is fast food litter. Many people who order food to-go would likely throw their litter just about anywhere convenient like the roadside or highways. This is really not uncommon. It is much easier to just toss out fast food wrappers on sidewalks or the open streets rather than go out of the way just to look for a trash bin. 7. Men are likely to litter more than women do, according to a survey conducted in Tennessee. In fact, 8% of men claimed that they would litter daily while only 2% of women would do the same. This might be one of the reasons why there are more men who tend to be messier at home or in the workplace compared to women. 8. According to a national study, most people who would deliberately litter are those between 18-34 years old. A study in Tennessee also revealed that the older people get, the more likely they throw litter properly in a trash bin. This study reflects that most people learn the value of the doing things properly as they age like in this case, the proper disposal of litter. Younger people tend to just neglect the effects of their action and really want to have it their way. 9. The West Virginia Department of Transportation listed eight sources of litters which include motorists, pedestrians, uncovered trucks, and boaters. When people are on the move like when driving or are inside their cars, or walking by, they usually just tend to toss things out of the car window or into the sidewalks because it is more convenient than finding and stopping at a trash bin to throw their litter into.
Now You Know!
Below is a list of things most commonly found by litter crews and how long they would take to biodegrade if not properly recycled
Glass bottle Fishing line
1 million years 600 years
Plastic bottle 450 years Disposable Diapers 450 years Aluminum Can
80-200 years
Foam cup Tin Can Plastic bag
50 years 50 years
10-20 years 1-5 years 3 months
Cigarette Butt Milk Carton
*Information Source: U.S. National Park Service; Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL. This important information was provided by our sponsor: Waste Industries.
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Let’s Talk PLACES! YAP! Yap is part of The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) which is an independent sovereign island nation and a United States associated state. The FSM consists of four states – from west to east, YAP , Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae – that are spread across the Western Pacific Ocean. Together, the states comprise around 607 islands (a combined land area of approximately 702 km2 or 271 sq mi) that cover a longitudinal distance of almost 2,700 km (1,678 mi) just north of the equator. They lie northeast of New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km (1,802 mi) north of eastern Australia and some 4,000 km (2,485 mi) southwest of the main islands of Hawaii. While the FSM’s total land area is quite small, it occupies more than 2,600,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi) of the Pacific Ocean, giving
the country the 14th largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world. The capital is Palikir, located on Pohnpei Island, while the largest city is Weno, located in the Chuuk Atoll. The FSM was formerly a part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), a United Nations Trust Territory under U.S. administration, but it formed its own constitutional government on May 10, 1979, becoming a sovereign state after independence was attained on November 3, 1986 under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Other neighboring island entities, and also former members of the TTPI, formulated their own constitutional governments and became the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau. The FSM has a seat in the United Nations The Yapese have managed to maintain their ancient culture better than anywhere else in Micronesia. The heritage and traditions of the Yapese people are carefully nourished to preserve the Micronesian way of life.
Yapese culture centers around the village. Most Yapese still live in villages as their ancestors have for millenia. The contrast between old and new is sometimes staggering to the casual visitor, as well educated Yapese, fluent in English and with access to modern schooling and health care still prefer to lead their lives in the old fashioned way. Village life is influenced by a caste system which is complex and full of subtle nuances a visitor can never hope to fully understand. Status and success in Yapese society can be gained in a variety of ways, but the aquisition of material wealth in the western fashion is not one of them. A shy, but gentle and friendly people, the Yapese welcome visitors from abroad. The Yapese have a strong tradition of chants and dances, often of ancient origin. The chants and dances always tell a story, and teaching them to each new generation is an important part of preserving the Yapese heritage. Magic and ritual has a strong influence in Yapese society.
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The value of an individual Rai piece is not determined by its size alone. Its shape, the quality and texture of the stone and most important: the difficulty of aquisition is equally important. The greater the effort involved in bringing it safely home, the storms encountered and all too often, the men lost in the process - contribute to increase the value. The Rai are not carried about, for obvious reasons. Individual
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You will also find out about the dirtiest jobs!
Yap is probably best known as the Land of Stone Money. Up to 12 feet in diameter these massive stone discs rates without competition as the largest coins in the world. The US dollar is the common currency in Yap, but the stone money is still used to this day for major transactions like payment of dowry or purchase of land. One of the amazing facts about the stone money, or Rai as they are called in Yapese, is that these gigantic stone discs were not quarried on the island. Instead, the Yapese travelled by outrigger canoe more than 300 miles to the neighboring island nation of Palau. There, in a quarry on northern Babelthaob, the Rai were hewn out of the rock with primitive tools and brought back to Yap on a perilous journey in the canoes.
pieces are found all over Yap, but most are kept in “Stone Money Banks” in the villages. When Rai shift hands as the result of a land transaction, a wedding or otherwise, the news
spreads fast and it is soon common knowledge that a particular piece has a new owner. The Rai are seldom moved, but remain where they stand.
What is a Caste System? A caste system is a class structure that is
determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you’re going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich.
Source http://www.mantaray.com/history-and-culture.php
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SPECIAL PULL OUT SECTION PAGES 9-12! THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA! Compliments of
Th C nstitution of the United States of America
United States of America 1789 (rev. 1992) Preamble We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I Section 1 All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Article I Section 2 The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct Taxes shall be appor- tioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Num- ber of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachu- setts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six,
Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. Article I Section 3 The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legisla- ture thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Im- peachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Busi- ness; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceed- ings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Article I Section 6 The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. Article I Section 7 All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose Article I Section 5 Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections,
or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States: If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Con- currence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjourn- ment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. Article I Section 8 The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; To establish Post Offices and post Roads; To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and
Article I Section 4 The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections
Discoveries; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies commit- ted on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; To provide and maintain a Navy; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserv- ing to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Of- ficers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatso- ever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Accep- tance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;-And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Article I Section 9 The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, un- less in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall de- volve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resigna- tion or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:-”I do solemn- ly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Depart- ments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nomi- nate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Minis- ters and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacan- cies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. Information on the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassa- dors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. Article II Section 4 The President, Vice President and all Civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. Article II Section 2 The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Article II Section 3 He shall from time to time give to the Congress
Article I Section 10 No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Con- federation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Control of the Congress. No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay. Article II Section 1 The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows: Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representa- tives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representatives from each State having one Vote; a quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall choose from them by Ballot the Vice-President. The Congress may determine the Time of choosing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President;
Article III Section 1 The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Article III Section 2 The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;-to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public ministers and Consuls;-to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;-to Contro- versies to which the United States shall be a Party;-to Controversies between two or more States;-between a State and Citizens of another State;-between Citizens of different States;-between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeach- ment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. Article III Section 3 Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the Pun- ishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. Article IV Section 1 Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. Article IV Section 2 The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be
discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. Article IV Section 3 New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con- strued as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Article IV Section 4 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. Article V The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legis- latures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. Article VI All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Trea- ties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the Contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before men- tioned, and the Members of the several State Legisla- tures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. Article VII The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitu- tion between the States so ratifying the Same. DONE in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of
the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In WITNESS whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, Go. Washington- Presidt and deputy from Virginia New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. Connecticut: Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman. New York: Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearley, Wm. Paterson, Jona. Dayton. Pennsylvania: B. Franklin, Robt. Morris, Tho: Fitzsi- mons, James Wilson, Thomas Mifflin, Geo. Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Gouv: Morris. Delaware: Geo: Read, John Dickinson, Jaco: Broom, Gunning Bedford, Jun’r, Richard Bassett. Maryland: James M’Henry, Danl Carroll, Dan: of St. Thos. Jenifer. Virginia: John Blair, James Madison, Jr. North Carolina: Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson, Rich’d Dobbs Spaight. South Carolina: J. Rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Pierce Butler. AMENDMENT I Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. AMENDMENT II A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. AMENDMENT III No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. AMENDMENT IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, sup- ported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. AMENDMENT V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Georgia William: Few, Abr. Baldwin Attest: William Jackson, Secretary.
tives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other con- stitutional disability of the President-The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2 Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2 Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty- one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. AMENDMENT XIV Section 1 Section 3 No person shall be a Senator or Representative in AMENDMENT XIII Section 1
AMENDMENT VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. AMENDMENT VII In Suits at common law, where the value in contro- versy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. AMENDMENT VIII Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. AMENDMENT IX The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. AMENDMENT X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. AMENDMENT XI The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, com- menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. AMENDMENT XII The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the gov- ernment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;-The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representa- tives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;-The person having the greatest Number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such num- ber be a majority of the whole number of Electors ap- pointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representa-
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