1 Table of contents 806

Wake County Hazard Mitigation Plan - Adopted 10-21-2024

1 Introduction		9
1.1 Background		9
1.2 Purpose and Authority		10
1.3 Scope		10
1.4 References		11
1.5 Plan Organization		12
4 Risk Assessment		81
4.1 Overview		81
4.2 Hazard Identification		82
4.3 Risk Assessment Methodology and Assumptions		86
Hazard Description		86
Location		86
Extent		86
Historical Occurrences		87
Probability of Future Occurrence		87
Climate Change		87
Vulnerability Assessment		87
Priority Risk Index		88
4.4 Asset Inventory		90
4.5 Hazard Profiles, Analysis, and Vulnerability		106
4.5.1 Dam Failure		106
Hazard Background		106
Location		107
Extent		113
Historical Occurrences		114
Probability of Future Occurrence		115
Climate Change		115
Vulnerability Assessment		116
Methodologies and Assumptions		116
People		116
Property		116
Environment		116
Consequence Analysis		116
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		117
4.5.2 Drought		118
Hazard Background		118
Location		119
Extent		119
Historical Occurrences		120
Probability of Future Occurrence		122
Climate Change		122
Vulnerability Assessment		122
Methodologies and Assumptions		122
People		122
Property		123
Environment		123
Consequence Analysis		123
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		124
4.5.3 Earthquake		125
Hazard Background		125
Location		125
Extent		127
Historical Occurrences		128
Probability of Future Occurrence		131
Climate Change		132
Vulnerability Assessment		133
Methodologies and Assumptions		133
People		133
Property		134
Environment		140
Consequence Analysis		140
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		141
4.5.4 Extreme Heat		142
Hazard Background		142
Location		143
Extent		143
Historical Occurrences		144
Probability of Future Occurrence		144
Climate Change		144
Vulnerability Assessment		145
Methodologies and Assumptions		145
People		145
Property		145
Environment		146
Consequence Analysis		146
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		147
4.5.5 Flood		148
Hazard Background		148
Sources and Types of Flooding		148
Flooding and Floodplains		149
Location		150
Extent		152
Historical Occurrences		154
Probability of Future Occurrence		160
Climate Change		161
Vulnerability Assessment		161
Methodologies and Assumptions		161
People		162
Property		165
Flood Insurance Data		177
Active Policies and Past Claims		177
Wake County		177
Apex		177
Cary		178
Fuquay-Varina		178
Garner		179
Holly Springs		179
Knightdale		180
Morrisville		180
Raleigh		181
Rolesville		181
Wake Forest		182
Wendell		182
Zebulon		183
Repetitive Loss		183
Environment		184
Consequence Analysis		184
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		185
4.5.6 Hurricane and Tropical Storm		186
Hazard Background		186
Location		186
Extent		186
Historical Occurrences		188
Probability of Future Occurrence		192
Climate Change		192
Vulnerability Assessment		193
Methodologies and Assumptions		193
People		193
Property		193
Environment		204
Consequence Analysis		204
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		205
4.5.7 Infectious Disease		206
Hazard Background		206
Location		208
Extent		208
Historical Occurrences		209
Influenza Pandemics		209
Other Infectious Disease Outbreaks		210
Probability of Future Occurrence		211
Climate Change		211
Vulnerability Assessment		212
Methodologies and Assumptions		212
People		212
Property		212
Environment		212
Consequence Analysis		213
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		213
4.5.8 Landslide		214
Hazard Background		214
Location		214
Extent		215
Historical Occurrences		216
Probability of Future Occurrence		218
Climate Change		218
Vulnerability Assessment		218
Methodologies and Assumptions		218
People		218
Property		218
Environment		218
Consequence Analysis		218
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		219
4.5.9 Severe Weather (Thunderstorm Winds, Lightning & Hail)		220
Hazard Background		220
Thunderstorm Winds		220
Lightning		220
Hail		221
Location		221
Extent		222
Thunderstorm Winds		222
Lightning		223
Hail		223
Historical Occurrences		225
Thunderstorm Winds		225
Lightning		230
Hail		232
Probability of Future Occurrence		233
Climate Change		233
Vulnerability Assessment		233
Methodologies and Assumptions		233
People		233
Property		234
Environment		244
Consequence Analysis		244
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		245
4.5.10 Severe Winter Storm		246
Hazard Background		246
Location		246
Extent		246
Historical Occurrences		247
Probability of Future Occurrence		251
Climate Change		251
Vulnerability Assessment		251
People		251
Property		251
Environment		252
Consequence Analysis		252
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		252
4.5.11 Tornado		253
Hazard Background		253
Location		254
Extent		256
Historical Occurrences		256
Probability of Future Occurrence		259
Climate Change		259
Vulnerability Assessment		259
People		259
Property		259
Environment		272
Consequence Analysis		272
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		272
4.5.12 Wildfire		273
Hazard Background		273
Location		275
Extent		278
Historical Occurrences		280
Probability of Future Occurrence		281
Climate Change		283
Vulnerability Assessment		283
Methodologies and Assumptions		283
People		283
Property		284
Environment		288
Consequence Analysis		288
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		289
4.5.13 Cyber Threat		290
Hazard Background		290
Location		290
Historical Occurrences		291
Extent		291
Probability of Future Occurrence		292
Climate Change		292
Vulnerability Assessment		292
Methodologies and Assumptions		292
People		292
Property		292
Environment		292
Consequence Analysis		292
Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction		293
4.5.14 Hazardous Materials Incident		294
Hazard Background		294
Fixed Hazardous Materials Incident		294
Transportation Hazardous Materials Incident		294
Pipeline Incident		294
Location		294
Extent		297
Historical Occurrences		298
Probability of Future Occurrence		301
Vulnerability Assessment		301
People		301
Property		301
Environment		302
Consequence Analysis		302
4.5.15 Radiological Incident		303
Hazard Background		303
Location		304
Extent		306
Historical Occurrences		306
Probability of Future Occurrence		308
Vulnerability Assessment		308
People		308
Property		310
Environment		310
Consequence Analysis		310
4.5.16 Terrorism		311
Hazard Background		311
Location		312
Extent		312
Historical Occurrences		312
Probability of Future Occurrence		313
Vulnerability Assessment		313
Methodologies and Assumptions		313
People		313
Property		315
Environment		315
Consequence Analysis		315
4.6 Conclusions on Hazard Risk		316
Priority Risk Index		316
5 Capability Assessment		318
5.1 Overview		318
5.2 Methodology		318
5.3 Capability Assessment Findings		319
5.3.1 Planning and Regulatory Capability		319
Emergency Management		324
Hazard Mitigation Plan		324
Disaster Recovery Plan		324
Emergency Operations Plan		325
Continuity of Operations Plan		325
General Planning		325
Comprehensive/General Plan		325
Capital Improvements Plan		325
Historic Preservation Plan		325
Zoning Ordinance		326
Subdivision Ordinance		326
Building Codes, Permitting, and Inspections		326
Floodplain Management		326
Community Rating System		327
Floodplain Management Plan		330
Substantial Damage Estimating Procedures		330
Open Space Management Plan		333
Stormwater Management Plan		333
5.3.2 Administrative and Technical Capability		334
5.3.3 Fiscal Capability		338
5.3.4 Education and Outreach Capability		339
5.3.5 Mitigation Capability		340
5.3.6 Political Capability		340
5.3.7 Local Self-Assessment Rating		341
5.4 Conclusions on Local Capability		342
6 Mitigation Strategy		343
6.1 Goals and Objectives		343
6.1.1 Coordination with Other Planning Efforts		343
6.1.2 Goal Setting		344
6.1.3 Resulting Goals and Objectives		344
6.2 Identification and Analysis of Mitigation Activities		345
6.2.1 Prioritization Process		345
9 Plan Adoption		428
A. Wake County Unincorporated Areas		458
A.1 Risk Assessment		458
A.1.1 Critical Facilities		458
A.1.2 Dam Failure		460
A.1.3 Flood		460
A.1.4 Wildfire		461
A.2 Mitigation Strategy		464-465
B. City of Raleigh		468
B.1 Risk Assessment		468
B.1.1 Critical Facilities		468
B.1.2 Dam Failure		476
B.1.3 Flood		478
B.1.4 Extreme Heat		481
B.1.5 Wildfire		482
B.2 Mitigation Strategy		488-489
C. Town of Apex		498
C.1 Risk Assessment		498
C.1.1 Critical Facilities		498
C.1.2 Dam Failure		500
C.1.3 Flood		502
C.1.4 Wildfire		505
C.2 Mitigation Strategy		510-511
D. Town of Cary		518
D.1 Risk Assessment		518
D.1.1 Critical Facilities		518
D.1.2 Dam Failure		520
D.1.3 Flood		522
D.1.4 Wildfire		525
D.2 Mitigation Strategy		530-531
E. Town of Fuquay-Varina		536
E.1 Risk Assessment		536
E.1.1 Critical Facilities		536
E.1.2 Dam Failure		538
E.1.3 Flood		540
E.1.4 Wildfire		543
E.2 Mitigation Strategy		548-549
F. Town of Garner		560
F.1 Risk Assessment		560
F.1.1 Critical Facilities		560
F.1.2 Dam Failure		562
F.1.3 Flood		564
F.1.4 Wildfire		567
F.2 Mitigation Strategy		572-573
G. Town of Holly Springs		576
G.1 Risk Assessment		576
G.1.1 Critical Facilities		576
G.1.2 Dam Failure		578
G.1.3 Flood		580
G.1.4 Wildfire		583
G.2 Mitigation Strategy		588-589
H. Town of Knightdale		598
H.1 Risk Assessment		598
H.1.1 Critical Facilities		598
H.1.2 Dam Failure		600
H.1.3 Flood		602
H.1.4 Wildfire		605
H.2 Mitigation Strategy		610-611
I. Town of Morrisville		614
I.1 Risk Assessment		614
I.1.1 Critical Facilities		614
I.1.2 Dam Failure		616
I.1.3 Flood		618
I.1.4 Wildfire		621
I.2 Mitigation Strategy		626-627
J. Town of Rolesville		628
J.1 Risk Assessment		628
J.1.1 Critical Facilities		628
J.1.2 Dam Failure		630
J.1.3 Flood		632
J.1.4 Wildfire		635
J.2 Mitigation Strategy		640-641
K. Town of Wake Forest		642
K.1 Risk Assessment		642
K.1.1 Critical Facilities		642
K.1.2 Dam Failure		644
K.1.3 Flood		646
K.1.4 Wildfire		649
K.2 Mitigation Strategy		654-655
L. Town of Wendell		658
L.1 Risk Assessment		658
L.1.1 Critical Facilities		658
L.1.2 Dam Failure		660
L.1.3 Flood		662
L.1.4 Wildfire		665
L.2 Mitigation Strategy		670-671
M. Town of Zebulon		674
M.1 Risk Assessment		674
M.1.1 Critical Facilities		674
M.1.2 Dam Failure		676
M.1.3 Flood		678
M.1.4 Wildfire		681
M.2 Mitigation Strategy		686-687
A. Plan Review Tool		688
Plan Review Checklist		692
C. Mitigation Alternatives		786
C.1 Categories of Mitigation Measures Considered		786
C.2 Alternative Mitigation Measures per Category		786
C.2.1 Preventative and Regulatory Measures		786
Building Codes		787
Comprehensive or Land Use Plan		788
Open Space Preservation		788
Zoning Ordinance		788
Floodplain Regulations		789
Stormwater Management Regulations		789
Reducing Future Flood Losses		789
Local Implementation Recommendations		790
C.2.2 Property Protection Measures		790
Keeping the Hazard Away		791
Flooding		791
Barriers		791
Relocation		791
Building Elevation		792
Demolition		792
Pilot Reconstruction		792
Retrofitting		792
Insurance		793
Local Implementation Recommendations		793
C.2.3 Natural Resource Protection		794
Wetland Protection		795
Erosion and Sedimentation Control		795
Stream/River Restoration		795
Best Management Practices		795
Dumping Regulations		796
Farmland Protection		796
Local Implementation Recommendations		796
C.2.4 Emergency Services Measures		797
Threat Recognition		797
Warning		798
StormReady		798
Response		799
Evacuation and Shelter		799
Local Implementation Recommendations		799
C.2.5 Structural Projects		800
Levees and Floodwalls		801
Reservoirs and Detention		801
Diversion		801
Local Implementation Recommendations		801
C.2.6 Public Information		802
Outreach Projects		802
Libraries and Websites		802
Technical Assistance		803
Hazard Information		803
Property Protection Assistance		803
Public Information Program		803
Local Implementation Recommendations		804
D. References		805

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