1 Table of contents 956

Humanities Alive 8 VC 3E

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Cover		1
Half title page		3
Title page		5
Copyright page		6
Contents		7
Meet our author team		12
Acknowledgements		22
Topic 1 Historical concepts and skills		23
1.1 Overview		24
1.2 Historical concepts and skills		26
1.2.1 Introduction		26
1.2.2 Historical concepts and skills		26
1.2.3 Historical questions		27
1.2.4 Chronology		28
1.2.5 Using historical sources		29
1.2.6 Continuity and change		30
1.2.7 Causes and consequences		31
1.2.8 Historical significance		31
1.2.9 Communicating		31
1.3 SkillBuilder: Historical questions		39
1.3.1 Tell me		39
1.3.2 Show me		39
1.3.3 Let me do it		39
1.4 SkillBuilder: Chronology		41
1.4.1 Tell me		41
1.4.2 Show me		42
1.4.3 Let me do it		43
1.5 SkillBuilder: Using historical sources		44
1.5.1 Tell me		45
1.5.2 Show me		45
1.5.3 Let me do it		45
1.6 SkillBuilder: Continuity and change		47
1.6.1 Tell me		47
1.6.2 Show me		48
1.6.3 Let me do it		49
1.7 SkillBuilder: Causes and consequences		49
1.7.1 Tell me		49
1.7.2 Show me		49
1.7.3 Let me do it		50
1.8 SkillBuilder: Historical significance		51
1.8.1 Tell me		51
1.8.2 Show me		51
1.8.3 Let me do it		53
1.9 SkillBuilder: Communicating		54
1.9.1 Tell me		54
1.9.2 Show me		54
1.9.3 Let me do it		55
1.10 Review		35
1.10.1 Key knowledge summary		35
1.10.2 Key terms		35
1.10.3 Reflection		36
Topic 2 Emergence of the modern world in Europe		56
2.1 Overview		57
2.2 How do we know about the emergence of the modern world?		59
2.2.1 Primary sources		60
2.3 What caused economic and social change in the Early Modern P eriod?		63
2.3.1 Economic changes		63
2.3.2 Social classes		64
2.4 How did the Protestant Reformation bring about change?		66
2.4.1 Martin Luther challenges the Church		67
2.4.2 Why did Luther and his followers survive?		68
2.4.3 New forms of Protestantism		69
2.4.4 The Catholic Reformation		69
2.5 How did the power of rulers change in Early Modern Europe?		71
2.5.1 The territorial states		71
2.5.2 Germany		71
2.5.3 France		72
2.5.4 England		72
2.5.5 Spain		74
2.5.6 Russia		74
2.6 What were the achievements of the Scientific Revolution?		75
2.6.1 Who were the great scientific thinkers?		76
2.6.2 The dangers faced by scientific thinkers		77
2.6.3 The Enlightenment		77
2.7 Inquiry: What are the different interpretations of issues in pre-Modern Europe?		79
2.8 Review		81
2.8.1 Key knowledge summary		81
2.8.2 Key terms		81
2.8.3 Reflection		82
Topic 3 Medieval Europe		86
3.1 Overview		87
3.2 How do we know about medieval Europe?		89
3.2.1 How do we know about medieval Europe?		89
3.2.2 Artwork		90
3.2.3 Written sources		90
3.2.4 Artefacts, monuments and buildings		91
3.2.5 First-hand accounts of the Black Death		92
3.3 What are the key features of the feudal system?		94
3.3.1 Order out of chaos		95
3.3.2 The feudal kingdom		95
3.4 How was life for people in the feudal system?		98
3.4.1 The people on the manor		99
3.5 What were the defence features of the medieval castle?		102
3.5.1 Building a castle		102
3.5.2 Attacking a castle		102
3.5.3 A lord’s home is his castle		103
3.6 How was warfare conducted in the Middle Ages?		105
3.6.1 The warrior on horseback		105
3.6.2 The knight in battle		106
3.6.3 Medieval warfare		106
3.7 How were people punished for committing crimes in medieval times?		109
3.7.1 Community justice		109
3.7.2 Public humiliation		109
3.7.3 Trials		110
3.7.4 Crimes against the Church		111
3.7.5 Treason		111
3.8 What was the power and authority of the Church in medieval times?		114
3.8.1 The authority of the Church and the Pope		114
3.8.2 The hierarchy of the Church		115
3.8.3 The parish church and the cathedral		115
3.9 What was the power of the written word?		117
3.9.1 The role of monks and monasteries		118
3.9.2 Literacy in the Middle Ages		119
3.9.3 Illuminated manuscripts		119
3.10 Inquiry: Was King Arthur real?		121
3.11 Inquiry: The Magna Carta		122
3.12 What were the changing relations between Islam, Christianity and Judaism in the Middle Ages?		124
3.12.1 The importance of religion		124
3.12.2 Religion and medical science		125
3.12.3 Religious conflict		125
3.13 What was the Black Death?		127
3.13.1 Introduction		128
3.13.2 Origins and spread of the plague		129
3.14 How did the bubonic plague spread?		131
3.14.1 Settlements and trade		131
3.14.2 Outbreak in Asia		132
3.14.3 The spread through the Middle East, Europe and North Africa		134
3.15 How did people respond to the Black Death?		138
3.15.1 Medical treatments		138
3.15.2 Religious responses		139
3.16 How did the Black Death change society?		143
3.16.1 Social changes		143
3.17 Inquiry: How does an event impact different societies?		146
3.18 Review		148
3.18.1 Key knowledge summary		148
3.18.2 Key terms		151
3.18.3 Reflection		152
Topic 4 The Ottoman Empire		156
4.1 Overview		157
4.2 Leadership and power in the Ottoman Empire		159
4.2.1 Governing a diverse empire		159
4.2.2 The millet system		160
4.2.3 Law and order		161
4.3 How did the Ottoman Empire expand?		163
4.3.1 The battle for power in the Middle East		164
4.3.2 The expansion begins		165
4.4 What caused the fall of Constantinople?		168
4.4.1 Defenses at Constantinople		168
4.4.2 The siege		169
4.4.3 After the fall of Constantinople		171
4.5 Who was Suleiman the Magnificent?		174
4.5.1 Extending the empire		174
4.5.2 Life and law under Suleiman		176
4.6 What was life like in the Ottoman Empire?		180
4.6.1 Daily life		180
4.6.2 Trade and the marketplace		182
4.7 What was the Ottoman contribution to art, architecture and literature?		186
4.7.1 Art and architecture		186
4.7.2 Literature		188
4.7.3 Modern influence		189
4.8 Inquiry: Collaborative research		191
4.9 Review		193
4.9.1 Key knowledge summary		193
4.9.2 Key terms		194
4.9.3 Reflection		194
Topic 5 Renaissance Italy		198
5.1 Overview		199
5.2 How do we know about Renaissance Italy?		201
5.2.1 How do we know about the Renaissance era?		201
5.2.2 What was the Renaissance?		202
5.2.3 Primary sources		203
5.3 What were the origins of the Renaissance?		206
5.3.1 The growth of city-states		207
5.3.2 The rise of the patron		207
5.3.3 Humanism		208
5.4 Why is Florence called the cradle of the Renaissance?		210
5.4.1 New industries		211
5.4.2 A guild government		211
5.4.3 The popolo grasso and the popolo minuto		211
5.4.4 The Medici family		212
5.4.5 Cultural patronage		213
5.5 How did Venice contribute to the Renaissance?		216
5.5.1 A city built on a lagoon		216
5.5.2 Shipbuilding		218
5.5.3 The Republic of Venice		218
5.6 What was it like to live during the Renaissance?		222
5.6.1 Daily life		222
5.6.2 The importance of family		223
5.6.3 The role of the Church		223
5.6.4 Women in Renaissance Italy		223
5.6.5 Childhood in Renaissance Italy		224
5.6.6 Social minorities		225
5.7 How did art, architecture and sculpture change during the Renaissance?		228
5.7.1 Renaissance painting and sculpture		229
5.7.2 Renaissance architecture		231
5.8 Who contributed to the Scientific Revolution?		233
5.8.1 Renaissance thinkers		233
5.9 How did the Renaissance spread?		238
5.9.1 A widening movement		238
5.9.2 The English Renaissance		239
5.10 What were the Reformation and Counter-Reformation?		242
5.10.1 Luther challenges the Church		242
5.10.2 New forms of Protestantism		243
5.10.3 The Counter-Reformation		243
5.10.4 Wars of religion		243
5.11 What were the legacies of the Renaissance?		245
5.11.1 Renaissance art and literature		246
5.11.2 Scientific legacies		246
5.12 Inquiry: Who were the significant women of the Renaissance?		248
5.13 Review		250
5.13.1 Key knowledge summary		250
5.13.2 Key terms		251
5.13.3 Reflection		252
Topic 6 The Spanish and the Americas		255
6.1 Overview		256
6.2 How do we know about the Spanish conquest of the Americas?		258
6.2.1 European sources		258
6.2.2 Aztec sources		258
6.2.3 How reliable are the sources?		259
6.3 Who were the Aztecs?		260
6.3.1 Everyday life in Tenochtitlan		260
6.3.2 Aztec warfare		262
6.3.3 Mythology and religion		263
6.3.4 Agriculture		263
6.4 How did the arrival of the conquistadors change the Americas?		266
6.4.1 European expansion		266
6.4.2 Columbus sets the scene		266
6.4.3 The ‘legal’ conquest		266
6.4.4 Balboa: First to cross		267
6.4.5 Cortés: Man of ambition		267
6.4.6 Pizarro		269
6.5 What were the effects of conquest and colonisation?		270
6.5.1 A new empire		271
6.5.2 Expansion and conflict		273
6.5.3 The end of New Spain		273
6.6 What were the long-term legacies of conquest and colonisation?		274
6.6.1 Impact on the Aztecs		275
6.6.2 Slavery		275
6.6.3 Language and religion		276
6.6.4 Impact beyond the Americas		277
6.7 Inquiry: Spanish conquest exhibition		279
6.8 Review		281
6.8.1 Key knowledge summary		281
6.8.2 Key terms		281
6.8.3 Reflection		282
Topic 7 The Vikings		285
7.1 Overview		286
7.2 How do we know about the Vikings?		288
7.2.1 Runes and sagas		288
7.2.2 Early records of Viking raids		289
7.2.3 Archaeological discoveries		289
7.3 How did the geography and climate of Scandinavia influence the Viking way of life?		291
7.3.1 Geography and climate		291
7.3.2 Beyond Scandinavia		293
7.4 Who were the Vikings and how did they live?		295
7.4.1 Viking social structure		295
7.4.2 Equal rights?		296
7.4.3 What were Viking farms like?		297
7.4.4 Livestock and crops		298
7.4.5 Going on a Viking raid		298
7.5 What was the early Viking religion and how did it change?		300
7.5.1 Early Viking pagan religion		300
7.5.2 Early Viking gods		301
7.5.3 Death — beliefs and practices		303
7.5.4 The influence of Christianity		304
7.5.5 Christian leadership		304
7.6 What was the impact of the developments in longboat technology?		306
7.6.1 Technological developments		306
7.6.2 Design and navigation		307
7.7 How did Viking craftwork protect the warriors in battle?		310
7.7.1 Viking armour		310
7.8 Who did the Vikings attack and raid?		313
7.8.1 Viking attacks in Britain and Ireland		314
7.8.2 Vikings raid the monasteries		314
7.9 Where did the Vikings begin to settle beyond their homelands?		316
7.9.1 Viking longphorts in Ireland		316
7.9.2 Viking farming settlements in England		317
7.10 Where did the Vikings develop trade routes?		319
7.10.1 Trading settlements		319
7.10.2 Trading boats		321
7.11 What are some of the extraordinary achievements of the Vikings?		323
7.11.1 A Viking republic?		323
7.11.2 Greenland		324
7.11.3 The discovery of Vinland		324
7.12 What are some factors that led to the decline and end of the Viking Age?		328
7.12.1 The spread of Christianity		328
7.12.2 Christian leadership		329
7.12.3 Peace settlement in France		329
7.12.4 The last Viking attack on England		329
7.13 Inquiry: How trustworthy are the sagas?		332
7.14 Review		333
7.14.1 Key knowledge summary		333
7.14.2 Key terms		335
7.14.3 Reflection		336
Topic 8 Angkor and the Khmer Empire		339
8.1 Overview		340
8.2 How do we know about Angkor and the Khmer Empire?		342
8.2.1 How do we know about Angkor and the Khmer Empire?		342
8.3 How much did geography influence Khmer civilisation?		345
8.3.1 Geographical features		345
8.3.2 Peoples in South-East Asia		346
8.4 What was the historical setting?		349
8.4.1 Meet the neighbours		349
8.5 How did the Khmer create an empire?		353
8.5.1 The Khmer Empire to the twelfth century		353
8.5.2 Jayavarman VII, greatest of the Khmer rulers?		355
8.6 How did religions influence the Khmer Empire?		357
8.6.1 Animism and Hinduism		357
8.6.2 Buddhism		358
8.6.3 Religious art, architecture and literature		359
8.7 What was life like in the Khmer Empire?		362
8.7.1 Kings, nobles and officials		362
8.7.2 Women in Khmer society		363
8.7.3 The ordinary people		364
8.8 Why are Angkor’s buildings famous?		366
8.8.1 The city of Angkor		366
8.9 Why did Angkor and the Khmer Empire decline?		370
8.9.1 A weakening empire		370
8.9.2 Why was Angkor abandoned?		371
8.10 What are the legacies of the Khmer Empire?		373
8.10.1 Legacies for other South-East Asian societies		374
8.10.2 Cambodia from the sixteenth century		374
8.11 Inquiry: Contested histories		378
8.12 Review		380
8.12.1 Key knowledge summary		380
8.12.2 Key terms		381
8.12.3 Reflection		381
Topic 9 Japan under the shōguns		386
9.1 Overview		387
9.2 How do we know about Japan under the shōguns?		389
9.2.1 What evidence is there?		389
9.2.2 Architecture		389
9.2.3 Cultural legacies		390
9.2.4 Tradition		392
9.3 What was life like in early Japan?		394
9.3.1 Arriving in a new land		395
9.3.2 The military state		397
9.4 How did the shōguns take control?		399
9.4.1 Power struggles		399
9.4.2 The rise of the shōgun		400
9.4.3 Conflict in and around Japan		401
9.4.4 Order on the islands		402
9.4.5 Looking inwards		404
9.5 How did Japanese society organise itself?		407
9.5.1 The feudal system		407
9.5.2 The role of women		409
9.6 Who were the samurai?		412
9.6.1 The role of a samurai		412
9.6.2 Bushidō		414
9.6.3 New technologies		414
9.7 How did people express themselves?		416
9.7.1 The importance of the arts		417
9.7.2 Theatre and performance		418
9.8 How did people use the land?		421
9.8.1 Patterns of land use		421
9.8.2 Environmental impact		422
9.8.3 Protecting the environment		422
9.9 How did Japan rejoin the world?		424
9.9.1 The breakdown of isolation		424
9.9.2 Decline of shōgunate rule		426
9.9.3 Emperor Meiji and modern Japan		428
9.10 Inquiry: What is the significance of Shintō and Buddhism?		430
9.11 Review		432
9.11.1 Key knowledge summary		432
9.11.2 Key terms		433
9.11.3 Reflection		434
Topic 10 Mongol expansion		438
10.1 Overview		439
10.2 How do we know about the Mongol expansion?		441
10.2.1 Mongol expansion sources		441
10.2.2 State history		441
10.2.3 The writings of explorers		442
10.2.4 Everyday objects		442
10.2.5 An artistic view		443
10.3 What was China like before Mongol conquest?		445
10.3.1 The Song dynasty		445
10.3.2 Home and the Chinese family		446
10.3.3 Song inventions and ideas		447
10.3.4 The dynasty crumbles		448
10.4 Who were the Mongols?		451
10.4.1 The Mongol homeland		451
10.4.2 Mongol society		452
10.5 How did Temujin come to power?		455
10.5.1 Early life		455
10.5.2 The creation of a khan		456
10.6 How did the Mongols conquer the world?		458
10.6.1 Mongol soldiers		458
10.6.2 Military structure and discipline		459
10.6.3 Conquering the world		460
10.6.4 The empire after Temujin		460
10.7 What was China like under Mongol rule?		464
10.7.1 Yuan government		464
10.7.2 Rebuilding China		465
10.7.3 Westerners in the khan’s court		466
10.8 What was the Yuan court like?		469
10.8.1 Honouring China’s heritage		469
10.8.2 The Path to enlightenment		469
10.8.3 Art and culture		470
10.8.4 Visiting the court of Kublai Khan		470
10.9 Was there peace under Mongol rule?		473
10.9.1 Pax Mongolica		473
10.10 How did the empire end?		476
10.10.1 A failing leadership		477
10.10.2 Rebellion		477
10.11 Inquiry: How did the Mongolian armies conquer and control societies?		480
10.12 Review		481
10.12.1 Key knowledge summary		481
10.12.2 Key terms		483
10.12.3 Reflection		484
Topic 11 Polynesian expansion across the Pacific		487
11.1 Overview		488
11.2 How do we know about the Polynesian expansion across the Pacific?		490
11.2.1 How do we know about Polynesian expansion?		490
11.2.2 Colonial invaders		491
11.3 Exploring the Polynesian Triangle		493
11.3.1 Traversing the Pacific		493
11.3.2 Navigation techniques		494
11.3.3 A great undertaking		494
11.4 What happened on Rapa Nui?		497
11.4.1 In the middle of the ocean		497
11.4.2 The mo’ai		497
11.4.3 Diminishing population		499
11.5 What was life like in Hawai’i?		502
11.5.1 Settlement		502
11.5.2 The Hōkūle‘a		502
11.5.3 The Kānaka Maoli		502
11.5.4 Farming and trade		503
11.6 Who were the people of Aotearoa?		506
11.6.1 The land of the long white cloud		506
11.6.2 The geography of Aotearoa		507
11.6.3 The Māori		508
11.6.4 Carving out a history		508
11.6.5 The community		510
11.6.6 Trade		511
11.7 Were customs and culture the same everywhere?		512
11.7.1 Tapu and mana		513
11.7.2 The importance of art		513
11.7.3 Tiki		514
11.7.4 Tatau		514
11.8 What happened when Polynesians settled and stayed?		517
11.8.1 Living with a new land		517
11.8.2 Rāhui		517
11.8.3 The pa		518
11.8.4 Warfare		519
11.9 Inquiry: Religion in Polynesia		521
11.10 Review		523
11.10.1 Key knowledge summary		523
11.10.2 Key terms		524
11.10.3 Reflection		525
Topic 12 Geographical concepts and skills		528
12.1 Overview		529
12.2 Geographical concepts and skills		531
12.2.1 Geographical concepts: SPICESS		531
12.2.2 What is space?		531
12.2.3 What is place?		531
12.2.4 What is interconnection?		532
12.2.5 What is change?		533
12.2.6 What is environment?		535
12.2.7 What is sustainability?		535
12.2.8 What is scale?		535
12.2.9 Skills used in studying Geography		537
12.3 SkillBuilder: Geographical inquiry		538
12.4 SkillBuilder: Concluding and decision-making		538
12.5 SkillBuilder: Communicating		539
12.6 SkillBuilder: Reading contour lines on a map		539
12.7 SkillBuilder: Recognising land features		539
12.8 SkillBuilder: Using latitude and longitude		539
12.9 SkillBuilder: Calculating distance using scale		540
12.10 SkillBuilder: Drawing simple cross-sections		540
12.11 SkillBuilder: Interpreting an aerial photo		540
12.12 SkillBuilder: Understanding thematic maps		540
12.13 SkillBuilder: Drawing a line graph using Excel		541
12.14 SkillBuilder: Using positional language		541
12.15 SkillBuilder: Constructing a field sketch		541
12.16 SkillBuilder: Creating and describing complex overlay maps		541
12.17 SkillBuilder: Drawing a précis map		542
12.18 SkillBuilder: Creating and reading pictographs		542
12.19 SkillBuilder: Describing photographs		542
12.20 SkillBuilder: Constructing a basic sketch map		542
12.21 Review		543
12.21.1 Key knowledge summary		543
12.2.2 Key terms		543
12.2.3 Reflection		543
Topic 13 Landforms and landscapes – diversity, significance and management		546
13.1 Overview		547
13.2 Why do landscapes vary?		549
13.2.1 Types of landscapes		549
13.3 How are landscapes created?		552
13.3.1 Are all processes natural?		553
13.3.2 The role of tectonic forces		553
13.3.3 Changing landscapes — how is the landscape worn away?		553
13.3.4 How does water shape landforms?		554
13.3.5 What is soil?		555
13.3.6 How does human activity change landscapes?		556
13.4 Coastal landscapes: the role of erosion and deposition		558
13.4.1 How do waves change the environment?		558
13.4.2 Which coastal landscape features are created by erosion?		560
13.4.3 What is the role of deposition in coastal environments?		561
13.5 How do rivers shape landscapes?		564
13.5.1 Moving water		565
13.5.2 River systems and features		565
13.6 Australian landforms		569
13.6.1 What processes have shaped Australia?		570
13.6.2 Australia’s landform regions		571
13.6.3 How does water flow across the land?		574
13.7 Rainforests and grasslands		576
13.7.1 Where are the world’s rainforests?		577
13.7.2 The rainforest ecosystem		578
13.7.3 Amazing rainforests		579
13.7.4 Where have our rainforests gone?		580
13.7.5 What is a grassland?		582
13.7.6 The Serengeti grasslands		582
13.7.7 Australian grasslands		583
13.8 Deserts in Australia and China		585
13.8.1 What defines a desert?		585
13.8.2 Desert dwellers		587
13.8.3 Comparing deserts in China and Australia		587
13.8.4 What processes shape desert landforms?		589
13.9 What are underground landscapes?		592
13.9.1 What is karst?		592
13.9.2 How are karst landscapes formed?		593
13.9.3 Where are karst landscapes found?		594
13.10 The cultural and spiritual significance of landscapes		596
13.10.1 The Australian context		596
13.10.2 Kakadu – Australia’s first World Heritage area		597
13.10.3 Kakadu and its resources		598
13.10.4 How did Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians use coastal environments?		599
13.11 How can we manage and preserve landscapes?		601
13.11.1 Human causes of landform change		602
13.11.2 How can a coast be managed?		604
13.11.3 Do coastal management strategies work?		605
13.12 Investigating topographic maps		611
13.12.1 Daintree Rainforest		611
13.13 Inquiry: Coastal environment case study		614
13.14 Review		615
13.14.1 Key knowledge summary		615
13.14.2 Key terms		616
13.14.3 Reflection		618
Topic 14 Geomorphological processesand hazards		622
14.1 Overview		623
14.2 What are plate tectonics?		625
14.2.1 Tectonic plates		626
14.3 How do mountains form?		629
14.3.1 Fold mountains		630
14.3.2 Fault-block mountains		631
14.3.3 Dome mountains		632
14.3.4 Plateau mountains		633
14.3.5 How were the Himalayas formed?		633
14.4 Where are the world’s mountain ranges?		635
14.4.1 Mountain climate and weather		638
14.5 How do people connect with mountains?		640
14.5.1 Mountain people and cultures		640
14.5.2 Mountain landscapes in Australia		641
14.5.3 Sacred and special places		642
14.5.4 Skills to survive		642
14.6 What are earthquakes?		645
14.6.1 Earthquakes		645
14.7 What is a tsunami?		651
14.8 What are the impacts of earthquakes and tsunamis?		655
14.8.1 Impact on people		656
14.8.2 Impact on the natural environment		656
14.9 What are volcanoes and how are they formed?		659
14.9.1 How are volcanoes formed?		659
14.9.2 Volcanic hotspots		662
14.10 Investigating topographic maps – Mount Taranaki, New Zealand		664
14.11 What are the types of volcanoes and how do they erupt?		668
14.11.1 Volcanic shapes		670
14.12 How do volcanic eruptions affect people?		672
14.12.1 The worst volcanic eruptions		672
14.12.2 Why do people live near volcanoes?		673
14.12.3 How to prepare for volcanic eruption		676
14.13 Inquiry: Supervolcano report		677
14.14 Review		679
14.14.1 Key knowledge summary		679
14.14.2 Key terms		680
14.14.3 Reflection		681
Topic 15 Changing nations – urbanisation and migration		684
15.1 Overview		685
15.2 What is migration?		687
15.2.1 How do we define migration?		688
15.2.2 What do we mean by push and pull factors?		688
15.3 Where are people moving to and from?		691
15.3.1 What is the difference between an emigrant and an immigrant?		692
15.3.2 Where are people moving to and from internationally?		692
15.3.3 Why are people moving internationally?		693
15.3.4 Where are international migrants to Australia from?		693
15.3.5 Why have people migrated to Australia?		695
15.3.6 What are the effects of international migration to Australia?		695
15.4 Why do people migrate within countries?		699
15.4.1 What makes people move within Australia?		700
15.4.2 What makes people move within China?		701
15.4.3 Consequences of rural–urban migration in China		703
15.4.4 What is internal displacement?		703
15.5 Inquiry: A migration story		706
15.6 Urbanisation and urban growth		708
15.6.1 What is urbanisation		708
15.6.2 How does urbanisation differ across regions over time?		709
15.6.3 Urban growth		709
15.6.4 Consequences of urbanisation in Australia and the United States		710
15.7 Urbanisation in Australia		714
15.7.1 Urbanisation in Australia		715
15.7.2 What are the consequences of a highly urbanised Australia?		716
15.7.3 The future for Australia		716
15.7.4 The rural lifestyle		716
15.7.5 Ecological footprint		717
15.8 Urbanisation in Indonesia		719
15.8.1 Indonesia’s population		719
15.8.2 Consequences of urbanisation		721
15.9 What are the advantages and disadvantages of urbanisation?		724
15.9.1 What are the advantages of urbanisation?		725
15.9.2 What are the disadvantages of urbanisation?		726
15.9.3 What are slums and how do they develop?		726
15.10 What are megacities?		729
15.10.1 Where are cities located?		729
15.10.2 What is a megacity?		730
15.11 What are sustainable cities?		734
15.11.1 What are sustainable cities and why are they needed?		735
15.11.2 What makes a sustainable city?		735
15.11.3 What actions are involved in developing sustainable cities?		735
15.11.4 What do some of these actions look like in the real world?		736
15.11.5 What are some of the most sustainable cities in the world?		738
15.12 Inquiry: Planning Australia’s newest sustainable city		740
15.13 Investigating topographic maps – Jakarta		742
15.13.1 Urbanisation in Jakarta		742
15.14 Review		745
15.14.1 Key knowledge summary		745
15.14.2 Key terms		746
15.14.3 Reflection		747
Topic 16 Civics and Citizenship concepts and skills		750
16.1 Overview		751
16.2 Civics and Citizenship concepts and skills		753
16.2.1 Concepts in Civics and Citizenship		753
16.2.2 What skills will you build this year?		753
16.2.3 SkillBuilders in this topic		755
16.3 SkillBuilder: Investigating contemporary civics and citizenship issues		757
16.4 SkillBuilder: Evaluating democratic institutions and systems		757
16.5 SkillBuilder: Participating in civic processes		757
16.6 SkillBuilder: Communicating		757
16.7 Review		758
16.7.1 Key knowledge summary		758
16.7.2 Key terms		758
16.7.3 Reflection		759
Topic 17 Australia’s governmentand democracy		762
17.1 Overview		763
17.2 How do Australians participate in our democracy?		765
17.2.1 How to have your say		765
17.2.2 The right to disagree		766
17.2.3 Identifying issues of concern		766
17.2.4 Direct action		767
17.3 How do we form a government?		769
17.3.1 The electoral system		769
17.3.2 Gaining support		771
17.3.3 How governments are formed and lost		773
17.4 What makes our government system fair?		775
17.4.1 The Australian Constitution		775
17.4.2 Roles and responsibilities in government		775
17.5 How is opinion on government shaped?		779
17.5.1 Political debates		779
17.5.2 Politics in the media		780
17.5.3 Politics and social media		780
17.5.4 Opinion polls		781
17.5.5 Paying for your vote		781
17.6 Inquiry: What is the role of digital media in Australian politics?		783
17.7 Review		785
17.7.1 Key knowledge summary		785
17.7.2 Key terms		785
17.7.3 Reflection		786
Topic 18 Laws and citizens		788
18.1 Overview		789
18.2 Why do we need laws?		791
18.2.1 Legal and non-legal rules		792
18.2.2 What are the characteristics of effective laws?		792
18.3 How do parliaments make laws?		795
18.3.1 The lawmaking process		796
18.3.2 Executive law		796
18.3.3 Secondary legislation		796
18.4 How do courts make laws?		799
18.4.1 Common law		799
18.4.2 Precedent		801
18.4.3 Australia’s court hierarchy		801
18.5 What is the relationship between parliament and courts in lawmaking?		804
18.5.1 How do parliament and the courts work together?		804
18.5.2 Statutory interpretation		805
18.5.3 Codification of common law		805
18.5.4 Abrogation of common law		806
18.5.5 Courts influencing parliament to change the law		806
18.6 What is the difference between civil and criminal law?		808
18.6.1 Criminal and civil law		809
18.6.2 Criminal law		809
18.6.3 Civil law		810
18.7 What is customary law in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples’ communities?		812
18.7.1 What is customary law?		813
18.7.2 Recording customary law		814
18.7.3 Customary laws and Australian law		814
18.7.4 Alternative sentencing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander offenders		817
18.7.5 Native Title Law and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples		818
18.8 Inquiry: Does Australia need a bill of rights?		820
18.9 Review		822
18.9.1 Key knowledge summary		822
18.9.2 Key terms		823
18.9.3 Reflection		824
Topic 19 Citizenship, diversityand identity		826
19.1 Overview		827
19.2 What does national identity mean in a globalised world?		829
19.2.1 ‘We are one, but we are many…’		829
19.2.2 The globalised world		830
19.2.3 Globalisation and national identity		831
19.3 How has Australia’s identity been shaped?		835
19.3.1 Diversity as identity		835
19.3.2 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander identities		835
19.3.3 European settlement		836
19.3.4 The bonds of war		837
19.4 What are the different perspectives on national identity in Australia?		840
19.4.1 Representations of social groups in Australian media		840
19.4.2 Asylum seekers and refugees		841
19.4.3 Flagging a change?		841
19.5 Inquiry: What is the future of Australia Day?		843
19.6 Review		845
19.6.1 Key knowledge summary		845
19.6.2 Key terms		845
19.6.3 Reflection		846
Topic 20 Economics and Business concepts and skills		848
20.1 Overview		849
20.2 Economics and Business concepts and skills		851
20.2.1 The world of economics and business		851
20.2.2 SkillBuilders in the topic		855
20.3 SkillBuilder: Investigating		862
20.3.1 Tell me		862
20.3.2 Show me		862
20.3.3 Let me do it		862
20.4 SkillBuilder: Interpreting and analysing data and information		863
20.4.1 Tell me		863
20.4.2 Show me		863
20.4.3 Let me do it		864
20.5 SkillBuilder: Evaluating, concluding and decision-making		864
20.5.1 Tell me		864
20.5.2 Show me		865
20.6 SkillBuilder: Communicating		866
20.6.1 Tell me		866
20.6.2 Show me		866
20.6.3 Let me do it		868
20.7 Review		858
20.7.1 Key knowledge summary		858
20.7.2 Key terms		858
20.7.3 Reflection		859
Topic 21 Understanding tax and consumer literacy		869
21.1 Overview		870
21.2 Our role in the economy		872
21.2.1 The importance of understanding our role in the economy		872
21.2.2 The financial sector		873
21.2.3 The overseas sector		874
21.3 The role of the government in the economy		876
21.3.1 Role of the government		876
21.3.2 Welfare		877
21.3.3 Provision of infrastructure		877
21.3.4 Economic management		878
21.3.5 Wages and employee relations		878
21.3.6 Provision of goods and services		878
21.3.7 Planning and the environment		879
21.3.8 International trade policies		880
21.3.9 Immigration policies		880
21.4 The Australian taxation system		882
21.4.1 Australia’s system of taxation		882
21.4.2 The purpose of Australia’s system of taxation		883
21.4.3 Government spending and receipts		884
21.4.4 Taxes that young people pay		885
21.5 Inquiry: How would you tax the Australian public?		887
21.6 Consumer and financial literacy		888
21.6.1 Consumer literacy		889
21.6.2 The importance of financial literacy		889
21.6.3 The importance of money and finance		890
21.7 Review		893
21.7.1 Key knowledge summary		893
21.7.2 Key terms		893
21.7.3 Reflection		894
Topic 22 Financial goals and decision-making		897
22.1 Overview		898
22.2 What are short-term personal financial goals?		900
22.2.1 Setting short-term goals		900
22.2.2 Budgeting		901
22.2.3 Benefits of saving		903
22.3 What are long-term personal financial goals?		904
22.3.1 Setting long-term goals		905
22.3.2 Common long-term personal financial goals		905
22.3.3 Budgeting and savings plan		906
22.3.4 Prioritising needs and financial responsibilities over personal wants		907
22.4 What is business finance?		909
22.4.1 Revenue and costs for businesses		909
22.4.2 Recording revenue and costs		910
22.4.3 Financial reports		912
22.4.4 Entrepreneurs and business		913
22.5 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in the market		915
22.5.1 Pre-colonisation trading		916
22.5.2 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander business support		916
22.5.3 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander businesses and contemporary markets		917
22.6 What factors influence business opportunities?		919
22.6.1 External factors influencing opportunities		919
22.6.2 Internal factors influencing business opportunities		923
22.7 Inquiry: Financial and business decision-making		926
22.8 Review		928
22.8.1 Key knowledge summary		928
22.8.2 Key terms		928
22.8.3 Reflection		929
Glossary		933
Index		945

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